Differentiation, integration, and the decline of newborn, its dialect, iterative galore
Beijing News weekly · new knowledge
Yang Xiong wrote China first record book to the dialect of the dialect.
1 stage of development
Chinese: changes to the "four-step"
Chinese in speech, vocabulary, grammar changes, and not to the modern.
In China the first record of the book — the dialect of the Han Yang Xiong "dialects" will have on the record, such as which wrote, "the phrase also Kwangtung provinces should rekindle. The disintegration of the language. Robust language, song. To, where language also. "Here" where the word "is" Mandarin "at that time.As the expression tools, language has been changed.
The "ancient Chinese" this concept is very general. "The Chinese Yuan is also, and ancient Chinese dynasties language is very different, much less and compared the pre-Qin dynasty. " Shanghai Normal University Language Institute Dr. Wang Hung-cure said," is from late to near ancient Yuan (modern) Chinese language, but also very complex, as spoken in the Yuan is not fully close to dream of spoken English. ”At present, the Chinese lingui
st general development of the Chinese language is divided into four phases: the third century a.d. previously (that is, the Eastern Jin dynasty previous) is the ancient period, the Qin dynasty ancient people use language such as the book of songs is the ancient Chinese; the fourth century to the late-medieval period, of which there are the Sui and Tang dynasties, the voice of cutting rhythm studies more thoroughly; from the generation after the 19th century is a modern Chinese. The song of quotations, Yuan, Ming and Qing novels can be considered in modern Chinese; after the May Fourth movement, vernacular boarded the parlor, so since the beginning of th is the modern Chinese Mandarin Chinese.2 differentiation
Population movements led to the evolution of language
Research on the evolution of the ancient Chinese, but also textual dialect at different times in different locations.
GEO-relationship with language is particularly close, a panoramic view of the evolution of the Chinese dialects, most of the time and population migration.As the population of flow, the ancient Chinese are brought to the China Southern parts, the parts of the differentiation of ancient Chinese.
Soochow University Faculty Professor Wang Ping said, in General, the earliest differentiation is Fujian dialect and Cantonese, "we now intuitive feeling is also the hardest Fujian dialect, it may come out from the Han dynasty is differentiation, although Cantonese may also, from pre-Qin began differentiation, but in many mountains, traffic is more developed than the Guangdong, difference and the largest central voice."To the South, for example, the earliest of its population of guessing may may be inferred that the "Qin the Lingnan" phase.
Today's Cantonese area in ancient times was mixed. baiyue Qin Shi Huang unified six countries, the Chinese began to migrate to the South, is today the language of the YellowRiver basin to the today's canton. The Tang dynasty, although Lingnan still regarded as the "land of bianchu," but still have a large number of Han Chinese moved to here.Hakka rise slightly late.
It starts from the Eastern Jin dynasty, then is the differentiation of Wu dialect, but still have a Wu dialect does not like the Chinese character composition, probably early ethnic minority languages in the South of the region. The early inhabitants of Wuyue region is not a Chinese. Jin, a large number of nobility, in the North to the refugees. After the end of the outbreak of the uprising, Jiangnan area and a large number of refuge of immigrants. "Language followed by go, like gene. " Wang Hung-cure said. Chinese history constantly large-scale population migration, its biggest trend is the move north people constantly South, this makes the old Central phonological instead in the distant South is part of the reservation. Geographic location and time distance determines the degree of differentiation, Sichuan although remote, but because until the modern Chinese talent into their language even though the character, distinctive, northerners yet understand, therefore, be included in the beifanghua system.The political center of the South, also occasionally for some southern dialect resulted in some singular characteristics.
"Song of the South of the South influence is very big, throughout many dialects are affected. " Wang Hung-cure said, the most typical is Hangzhou dialect. The transposition of Hangzhou, in the Southern Song dynasty brought bianliang phonetic features. So today's Hangzhou dialect and other characteristics are not the same, if the second person to use the "you" and "son of" phenomenon.Transport and military centre of transfer will also have an impact on the dialect.
Tianjin dialect and adjacent areas of dialects not quite the same, some with similar characteristics in southern dialects. This may be because thesystem during the Ming dynasty established Wei, Wei of Tianjin, Tianjin has become the "," a lot from the South with the soldiers went to Tianjin, to local already beifanghua of dialect brought in some southern, or that the characteristics of medieval Chinese language. "Migration is long and complex process, sometimes occur, allowing language like geological, there are different layers, layers and overlay. " Wang Ping said.3 AC fusion
Foreign language affect Chinese
If someone said that the language of the Tang dynasty and Cantonese is the same, not science.
Although Cantonese retains more ancient compositions, but today Cantonese language morphology and medieval Chinese language is also a difference in theirs. It not only itself over time and geographical features many changes have taken place, and other national exchanges during the fusion and change.Cantonese area is inhabited by the early baiyue, migrating the Han Chinese, Yue's dialect naturally into the Chinese language.
Later history, inhabited the formation of the Cantonese played an important influence. Today's Cantonese in many non-Chinese, are subject to local ethnic minorities and in particular the impact of the Zhuang language. The same happens in other parts of the evolvement of dialects, such as Hakka dialect may have strongly influenced the she language, but you may have been beifanghua Altaic language, Manchu, Mongolian, national communications and convergence on the evolution of ancient Chinese is very large.Local geographical factors also lead to a language change.
Inuit language about "snow" vocabulary, is a language school. In 1911, linguist Boas (FranzBoas) in the Inuit language found 4 indicates that the word of the snow, then another linguist Slavov (benjamin leewhorf) to the number 7. Today, the linguist generally believes that the Inuit word that snow should have 12. This, of course, and Inuit living inthe environment. And the opposite should of is, living in tropical and subtropical regions, because rare snow and ice, so its language, dialect such words less to use more confusion. It is often confused in Cantonese, "snow," "ice", such as "Icicle" is "xuetiao", "ice cream" is "ice cream", "refrigerator" is "refrigerator".Cantonese evolution also shows a process in the foreign exchange and translation in Word.
Guangdong open earlier and many come back from overseas, the overseas Chinese have brought much of the loan term, such as "pump" and "Guitar" and "stamp" ...4 the development of civilization
Economic activities promote language changes
"The more civilized Centre districts, language changes quickly;
Conversely, the more far away from the center of civilization, the language change is slow. "Wang Hung-cure said. The North is the birthplace of Chinese as a second language, but the northern Chinese in pronunciation, grammar or vocabulary, and so are the fastest, and long-term political and economic centre in the North building.On the contrary, the ancient charm of the old "Zhongyuan" but away from the Central Plains of southern saved.
Geographical differences even can explain the uniqueness of Jin language. The unique geographic environment in Shanxi province, and rivers day adventure into the local natural barriers, but also hindered it and external communication. Jin language might therefore retains its medieval features.To some extent, the language is a dialect has been in the process, changes in economy and culture more developed cities, the pace of change will accelerate.
Shanghai dialect is a very typical example. Initially, Shanghainese and Wu representative dialect Suzhou dialect close. But since the early years of the Republic of China,Shanghai Center for economic development, from Ningbo, moved to the other person also Wu dialect district became the face of changing the Shanghainese and an important force. In a short period of time, Shanghai dialect has undergone rapid change. Over the past 30 years, Shanghai also has undergone a major development, Shanghai dialect also changed. "Today's young people said that Shanghai Shanghai dialect and the older generation that's Shanghai dialect. " Wang Hung-cure said," now the Shanghai dialect even divides into four levels: the old school, school, new school, new school. "The same in other big cities. Even in Beijing, traditional accent reduction of population, but also in new Beijing dialect is rapidly changing.As civilization and population in the region of focus, some dialects in disappear, other dialects it is rapidly changing.
"For us, the dialect is priceless, but it changes it is historical trend, the Government can not be excessive protection some dialects, on the other hand, to promote Mandarin nor to cancel and suppressed dialects. " Teaching at the Universtiy of Linguistics doctoral Hou xingqun said.Currently, Wang equality linguist who is participating in a national project that collects dialect for future research of scholars.
"Mandarin promotion is essential, but also the need to respect the dialects, we must not run counter to the nature of language changes, but also the need to protect the language, even if it is placed in the Museum. ”
No comments:
Post a Comment