Why do we have the "nature"?

<p> "Sex" come from? earlier hypothesis for biologists in the actual examples of original really have "Red Queen" </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> < .p> </ p> <p> The Alice mirror adventures of illustration, content is the "Red Queen". </ p> <p> <wbr> <wbr> The same Lake small bellamya purificata like other complex animal baby, but .in "the women" in the "self-reliance", why such differences? recently, authoritative science site "Livescience," reports the United States scientists Curtis · Les Foley (CurtisM.Lively), Zhu card · Joe KELA (Jukka Jokela) .and mark · Tai da (MarkF.Dybdahl) research results, the name of "New Zealand marine snails" of animals strange breeding behavior may be the origin of "Red Queen" hypothesis provides direct evidence. </ p> <p> <wbr .> </ p> <p> "Lustful guest" and "women" </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> This New Zealand science named Potamopyrgusantipodarum marine snails. </ p> Belong to the Mollusca ., Gastropoda, suction snails. Its body length is only 5-12 mm. And we are familiar with snail, the snails in luoke opening a "cover", in physical condensation in a piece of crust covering the entrance. In the home of New .Zealand's marine snails Lakes, they are two completely different ways: some needless reproduction mating, can "clone" a small snails, just like our eating bellamya purificata, sometimes open luoke appears a little mother, eggs in bellamya purificata bellamya purificata body has been hatching .. But this kind of screw also has gender differences, male and female snails will, and snail mating with the seed of the "happy" to give birth to small snails. In other words, these snails have like a complex animal "Lust", .some of them completely "self-sufficiency". This way, New Zealand, marine snails is divided into two categories, one category is totally asexual populations, and the other is sexual reproduction and asexual mixed groups. <p> <wbr> </ .p> <p> <wbr> On this New Zealand marine snails of experiments confirmed the theory of the "Red Queen". </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> See New Zealand marine snails of the .strange situations, Indiana University Professor of Les Foley, perceptive flash light: scientists are looking for asexual and sexual reproduction coexistence groups, marine snails. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In fact, scientists have .been trying to understand what the "sex" is how the origin. </ p> Asexual reproduction in relation to sexual reproduction, the benefits are obvious: you can keep the change object mating, save energy and reduce the risk of male-female not .only, the children are unable to bear children; gene mutation factors except all is their own, not "like the father or mother," issues like. So, what are the benefits of sexual reproduction? scientists speculate sexual reproduction can mix both parents born .gene, so each child's genotype is different and more conducive to adapt to the ever-changing environment. Asexual reproduction of a "crowd" of sexual reproduction, and a "personalized" genotypes. To adapt to changing environments, "personality" is better than .the "crowd". However, sexual reproduction of this "strategic" benefits can offset the asexual advantage? why sexual reproduction in the biological survival competition eventually occupy the advantage that the vast majority of the Earth now Eukaryotes are taking sexual reproduction? to address this .problem, there are scientists put forward the theory of the "Red Queen". <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> The Red Queen's "debut" </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> < .p> "The Red Queen 's" theory of the name is taken from the United Kingdom writer, mathematician Carol classic children's literature by the Alice mirror world adventures. </ p> This book is the Alice Carroll's follow-up. In this book ., a chess pawn Queen's "red." She wore a mad race to Alice, appears to be progressive, but remained in place. "Red Queen" theory and the book are very similar to the character's experience: biological groups long withstand the pressure of .the parasitic organisms, both trying to "race". It is this kind of pressure counterbalance asexual, sexual reproductive advantage gained the upper hand. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> <wbr> Infected with the parasite's New Zealand .marine snails (top) and the health of individuals (below). </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> This theory is very beautiful, but has always suffered from a lack of examples, New Zealand, .marine snails sexual reproduction and the coexistence of species is asexual gave scientists excellent research objects, but exactly this species provides a "three-stage as a golden certificate". </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> .Over the past 20 years, Les Foley and colleagues have been studying New Zealand marine snails. </ p> He found that the sexual and asexual mixed groups there is a severe parasitic infection, at least 11 "fluke" kind of parasite infects New Zealand .marine snails, draw them on nutrition, let them produce a lot of cyst, serious impact on their life and reproductive capacity. Les Foley thinks that it is possible that these common fluke and marine snails, constantly evolving out of the "bandwagon" genotypes, .resulting in a "Red Queen" effect, control the number of asexual reproduction of marine snails, so that they cannot be completely replaced by sexual reproduction of marine snails. To prove this, Les Foley and his colleagues focused on New Zealand's Lake Alexandrina and Garnier .Lake marine snails. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> <wbr> Experimental expanded site: New Zealand's Lake Alexandrina </ p> <p> Simple experiment to prove hypothesis </ p> <p> <wbr> .</ p> <p> They found that in shallow water, marine snails of sexual reproduction and, more prosperous, more than 4 metres deep, is asexual, marine snails. </ p> Scientists believe that this may be due to the shallow .water, suitable for parasites living here common parasites and marine snails, which controls the evolution ofAsexual reproduction in the number of individuals. And the reason for parasites live in shallow water, because the parasite must end its host - wild duck body complete last life cycle ., and the wild ducks only feeds in shallow water. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> There is another possible explanation: live in shallow water snails for some reason is more vulnerable to parasites. </ p> So scientists .have to know how to live in the shallow water of the snail is only on local susceptibility of parasites, or to all the parasites in the Lake has a predisposition. If the former, you live in the shallow water of the snail is vulnerable to parasites .and the local common evolutionary result of parasites. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Scientists design of experiments is very simple, let the Repulse of marine snails in mixed reproductive and deepwater asexual, marine snails groups while exposed to the .same Lake, as well as another Lake gathered in front of the parasites, the result is a couple of interesting results. </ p> <p> First, the hybrid reproduction of marine snails groups more susceptible to infection with the parasite, which explains .the parasites and mixed groups of marine snails, so totally asexual evolution of marine snails groups against the "taste"; second, whether it be asexual reproduction of marine snails or mixed, marine snails, from other Lake parasites are fully immunized. </ p .> Only mixed reproductive group vulnerable to local parasites. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Experiments confirmed the hypothesis before: asexual reproduction speed advantages are, if there is no threat of parasites, the world will be asexual world; .but in common parasites in the evolution of the environment, sexual reproduction shows its advantages. </ p> In particular, as an invasive species, New Zealand, marine snails in Europe and the United States flooded. Them a year to produce 230 small snails .. The Zurich Lake in Europe, only seven years, New Zealand, marine snails of the density of up to 80 000 per square metre for specific in Europe have not met the parasite, here, all New Zealand marine snails are asexual! <p> .<wbr> </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> The Queen from the "red" to "mine-laying by the priest," two theories explained "the Red Queen," explains the origin of .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr> </ p> <p> Because a bunch of New Zealand's "Red Queen bellamya purificata," evolutionary theory became a hot topic on academics. </ p> This "Queen 's" speak very .simple, but it is the largest in the world to solve biological mysteries of a key, the mystery is: "what's the use of"? <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> 1 biology and arms race </ p .> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> "Red Queen" (redqueen) Hansard good variety, such as "Red Queen" theory, "the Red Queen" hypothesis, "the Red Queen 's" race or " .Red Queen effect ". </ p> This word is derived from the United Kingdom mathematician, writer Lewis · Carol (LewisCarroll) of children's literature classics" Alice "Adventures in the mirror. Note, do not put this" Red Queen "and Carol's .other masterpieces of the Alice Carroll in "the Queen of hearts" and confused. The Red Queen is a chess piece, and the Queen of hearts, said of the playing cards. In the Alice mirror adventures, Alice and Red Queen in Alpine valleys running ., but it always stops in situ, sounds like "treadmill". Treadmill first appeared in 1817, was originally used to control prison sentence. 1894 this machine is starting to exercise. Don't know if it Carol. In the book, the Red .Queen said: "can you run more quickly ran more quickly, so you can stop in situ." <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> But as an important evolutionary biology, "the Red Queen's theory of" theory can .be expressed as follows: "for a living, it's evolution speed must and common evolutionary systems. </ p>" <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Start the hypothesis to explain competition between species, "arms race" .. </ p> In 1973, the cold war was fought vying, "arms race" and the word was Chicago's evolutionary biologists van · Valentin introduces evolutionary biology. Van · Valentin is also "the Red hypotheses of the Empress", he thinks it .can explain his observed biological extinction phenomena. Van · Valentin through research, find a family survival ability of the organism does not increase over time, on the contrary, all the family the possibility of extinction of the organism is random. For example, because a .biological adaptation improvements will lead to the increase in the number of organisms, living in the same environment of other organisms will cause a lot of pressure, if you want to survive, others must make the appropriate evolution, so several bio is the world's best, .the results may further, in fact, every species survival capacity does not increase. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> </ p> <p> Leopard and Gazelle between "arms race". </ p> < .p> <wbr> </ p> <p> The most obvious example is the predator and prey between "arms race". </ p> For example, the Cheetah must catch the Gazelle, otherwise you will starve to death. After generations .of fierce competition, ran slow Cheetah famished, survived were the elite Sprint territories. However the most goodness running Cheetah caught Gazelle but not more than their ancestors. This is because Leopard subjected to the test, the Gazelle also face the same challenge, only the .fastest Gazelle in order to survive. Although the Gazelle speed also has great progress, but can survive in Leopard claws of Gazelle will not increase, the reasoning followed in the case of a Cheetah. Leopard and Gazelle are tied to the "Red Queen" treadmills .. Both sides continued evolution, ran faster and faster, but they are things that have not ran slower than their ancestors. Leopard did not kill the vast Gazelle, Gazelle did not starve to death all the Cheetah, although they ran like the Red Queen, .but always stay. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> 2 "Pastor" and "Queen" competition </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Scientists </ p> Were of .the view that stronger certain sexual reproduction in the asexual. But in the origin of sexual reproduction, in the 1960s, biologists generally recognized "the pastor" Bray (Vicarof Bray) theory. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> .Legends, United Kingdom-Bray in the 16th century there is a priest of the diocese, in order to retain teachers, according to those religious beliefs and change their beliefs. </ p> He has twice converted to Catholicism, twice converted to Protestantism. .Subsequently, this word into English idiom meaning close to "wall of grass". The theory that sexual reproduction of biological evolution faster, quicker to adapt to changes in the environment: in the asexual system, a pedigree by chance had a favorable mutations, the .mutation is not likely to spread to other families. If the family was all wiped out, beneficial mutations are erased by history; another reason is that in sexual reproduction of mating, the father and mother's genes will be exchanged, produce new genotypes. <p .> <wbr> </ p> <p> Initially, this theory by most scholars accept evolution theory. </ p> But in 1966 United States biologist Williams (GeorgeWilliams) published the adaptation and natural selection of almost sentenced to "mine-laying .by the priest to death ". Because the" theory "of the priest laying of object is a biological group, it cannot explain the sexual reproduction on organism is any good. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Asexual reproduction .of species, all individuals can produce offspring, and sexual reproduction of individual, only about half of the individual (female) can produce offspring, so (assuming propagation rate consistent) asexual species after the algebra will be sexual species 2N times. </ p .> This is called "of the double price", 1971, by the United Kingdom evolutionary biologists Smith (JohnSmith). The case, why can account for better sexual reproduction speed is twice the asexual biological science writer? Ridley wrote a book called the Red .Queen's law books for sexual reproduction of "Red Queen" theory widely known. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In fact, the "Queen" and "priests" nothing essential differences, but it changes the "environment" .is specific to the threat of parasitic organisms. </ p> Bio will produce some variation to eliminate their parasitic, and parasitic species also mutate again "upper part". The life cycle of parasites often relatively short, then came the turning quickly "Red .Queen treadmill "is enough to change slow asexual are being left behind, changes in sexual reproduction of fast can keep up with environmental change" stay ". <p> <wbr> </ p> <p>" Red Queen theory "and the ."theoretical" mines Ministers and not intrinsically contradictory, on various occasions will be instituted. </ p> In the individual scale, the "Queen" in the "species" of the scale you want to listen to "priests". <p> .<wbr> </ p> <p> 3 game promotes discussion of the "pure" </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> So, what exactly is male? all "individual", the wedding .night sex one night after their respective go baby, why not directly produce offspring of discussion "pure?", indeed, in the tiniest bacteria is similar to "sex" in Exchange, the exchange of genes behavior is finished after their respective go to split ., no discussion of the "pure". </ p> The scientists conclude that male is biological "investment strategy" results. In the course of sexual reproduction, the two sides have to mate the out half of the gene, respectively took out some .nutrients ensure baby's healthy growth. Gene of the nutrients can be ignored, so the rest of the nutrition of their respective out? this is now a requirement that only two joint ventures in order to do business, and based on objective need, at least to .investment 10000 enterprises to survive, so the number of sides? own 50% of course is the ideal, but there is always someone wants to steal the rape play slip, for example, only 49%, if both sides play slip, then Enterprise affirmative .to collapse. Last game as a result, some people have no money, anyway you can find a lot of people "joint venture"; some are out $ 10000, although you can only run an enterprise, but you can guarantee survival. The male .is a cent nor out, they produce a lot of sperm, there is no any nutrients; while the female is a $ 10 000, they generate a small amount of eggs, which contains available for child survival of nutrients. <p> <wbr .> </ p> <p> Because of the presence of parasites, that most of the biological "womanizer"; and because different investment strategies that produced a discussion of the "pure", just because of the nature and the male biological, only .insects frog song Peacock, give us a lot of fun was added. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> New thematic interviews / reporter Liu Zheng </ p> <p> This thematic pictures are information .pictures </ p> <p> This special appreciated: </ p> <p> So Zhang Bo (College of Peking University Yuanpei) </ p> <p> Pottery Yu Ching (University) <wbr> </ p>.

"Carnival" detonate popular science myths

<p> Two-day event attracted thousands of active participants, "squirrel" try new approaches to science communication "Carnival" detonate <wbr> popular science myths <wbr> <wbr> the Beijing News "news weekly <wbr> </ p .> <p> <wbr> Scientific activities of the Carnival to "taste" of color science, emphasizing the interest of science. </ p> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> Moderator Birch (left) and edit wangxi (right) .describes popular science book, "the truth about the food. The author of the book to this newspaper the cloud Centerless awakening weekly as the main stage, has grown to have considerable influence over the popular science writers. <wbr> <wbr> Oct. .31 to Nov. 1, science communication by the civil public interest groups "Science squirrels will" organization "2009 Science Carnival" successfully held in Beijing. This activity includes three main line, the 1967 Department activities on-site. Each scene is lively, .attract a cumulative thousands of active participation of science enthusiasts, as well as the many media reports of the track. Been said but never saw big hot "popular science" two words seem to be wind-solar light in each participant's face. Science squirrels will's .purpose is to "make science popular," the proposition itself reveals what was the popular science, science and the "popular" what relationship problems, "Science Carnival" for these long myth through prominence, and various persons, journalists are more popular in China .face image is more and more clear. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Myth 1 </ p> <p> Popular science who make? </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> < .p> "Science and squirrels will" from domestic and foreign institutions of researchers, scientific media practitioners and are active in all major science media author and translator. </ p> "Science Carnival" is "squirrel" the first large scale events, including .lectures, dialogue, young people show themselves, and even masquerade and the "blind date". From May 2008 to present less than two years, science squirrels will have in the domestic record was no small Division, but forces are still weak "squirrel" .can organize "Science Carnival" such a big event, or came as a surprise to many people. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> For the "Science Carnival" activities, China Association for science and give great support. .</ p> Vice Minister Shang Hao Zhongguokexiekepubu participated in "Science and the opening of the Carnival", in the activities of the preparatory period provides a lot of help. Yin HO, 1958, China Association for science and technology's main job is to science .. In 1994, the national post on strengthening certain opinions of popular science ", said the Government should support the work of popular science, leading after government intervention in the popularization of the comparison. In 2002, Congress passed the People's Republic of China Science and .technology popularization Act. This is by far the world's only a popularization of the legislation. Clear the Government's main work is to guide the work of popular science work, specifically, by the Association for science and is also the main work of the Association of science .and technology. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> That is popular in the past, mainly the Government and the Chinese Association of work, and now the "Science squirrels will" that civil society organizations have joined the ranks of .popular science. </ p> Yin HO, said that he was supporting "squirrel" activities. "Science Carnival" BUAA home to talk about his help. Yin HO, said that the Chinese Association of some staff to popular science as the "work ."but" squirrel "is completely spontaneously into popular science ranks, the more enthusiastic." Squirrel "in scientific researchers, media people, resources and more diverse, more conducive to the expansion of popular science activities. <p> <wbr> </ .p> <p> Provides support for the activities of the enterprise global fund management co., Ltd marketing director Wang Ning you think "squirrel" is a group of very passionate people, and her service companies also attaches great importance to the public, so .for "Science Carnival" provides some support. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Myth 2 </ p> <p> Science really pop? </ p> <p> <wbr> < ./ p> <p> The Yin HO, Vice Minister of the interview, press repeatedly heard the word "difficult". </ p> He stated that the science of things to look at it go to understand, but amateur but it is hard .to understand. But journalists cited opposite facts: in the West, the science does not seem to be so "difficult", on the contrary it is a big sale. Discovery Channel and BBC shoot large tend to have tens of millions of dollars of income ., how to treat this gap? <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Yin HO, our popular situation hasn't evolved to the point, these products have not so many audiences. </ p> And domestic enterprises and .foreign enterprises, like foreign enterprise, if you participate in popular science, you can get a degree of tax relief, while popular scientific works can also be a good promotional enterprise concept, so a lot of private capital into the Museum, popular science books and .movies of creation. But at the moment of our enterprise also has no such awareness. However, science is more "popular", as the State's financial situation improved, science and Technology Museum modernisation, people visit the enthusiasm is very high. <p> .For the entertainment value of popular science, "Science and squirrels will" carefully considered Marketing Director, reading popular science articles and read novels, movies, tea is no difference, and it is entertainment or interest. </ p> It is only a few .relatively small minority. From the "Science and squirrels will" activities, the scientific potential of the product already exists, the consumer groups and popular product production was a bottleneck. In her view, "Science and squirrels will" has become the market leader in .the army. Previously in the mass media to do most of the popular science is "liberal arts", the relative lack of expertise, and the "health science" because the professional background and characteristics of the times, do not cover the AC. " .Squirrel "happens both professionalism and expression means, two aspects that will have a very good commercial benefit. Simply," squirrel "also did not think too profitable." Now just want to feed themselves. "/ P> <p> <wbr> .</ p> <p> Myth 3 </ p> <p> "To me" or "I want"? </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Yin Ho said China's popular science writing .has been lagging behind the developed Western countries mainly two reasons: first, scientists themselves lack of social responsibility, work of research scientists, popular science is not his work, so there is no enthusiasm; on the other hand the State did not create policies to .encourage popular science writing, many Western developed countries require master 's, doctoral graduate must write an essay while writing a story illustrates his research of popular science articles, let taxpayers know they did. </ p> Now, we also take measures to reverse .this situation, the previously popular science book, not an academic paper. Now the situation is improved, popular science books, popular science and television are nominated the second prize of national technological progress. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p .> However, from the "squirrel" performance, it appears that no "on the popular science writing is not active", science and technology workers are very active in the network of the release, or even do not pay. </ p> Obviously ., they put the "squirrel" as "self presentation" platform. "Popular science" seems to be science and technology workers to know the "popularity" of scientific knowledge. But obviously, science and technology workers are also displayed their magic, and other .communication needs. From "Science Carnival" arrangement of activities you can see some obvious hints here creative youth and scientific youth of PK, also has scientific youth friends big Party. <p> "Squirrel" founder, popular science writer Kyi 13 says that communication .is a basic human needs, particularly in scientific research in this area, which itself has a communication needs. </ p> On the other hand. Science and engineering circles is relatively closed, "squirrel" has been consciously help "scientific youth" came .out, changing the scientific youth are "zhairen" image. This communication surface can be wider, more wide. This one is very important, but the lack of science and engineering students just before this factor, they have many years of environmental character, " .squirrel "in active help them do this. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Myth 4 </ p> <p> To the public or to the" hard core "? </ p> <p> < .wbr> </ p> <p> In 2006, China introduced the universal scientific quality of the platform for action plan. </ p> Clearly provides the popularization of four focus groups: minors, peasants, leaders and civil servants, urban workers. .However, the "Carnival" of the participants are not part of the crowd. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> "I believe the 'hard core' of popular science will always be a minority. </ p> ."Kyi 13 said," we have been discussing whether the 'scientific' fashion. I think that even if the scientific and popular, and what we do now is not the same thing. "Now," squirrel "author wrote most of the popular ."hard", try to keep the knowledge of the correctness, simplicity, stressed that the sacrifice of one's knowledge of structural and dialectical, pay attention to the training of scientific way of thinking. Kyi 13 said that in the middle of popular science has a ."hard core", try to maintain its accuracy, but it will change after radiation out, where the public could not maintain the correctness of this, many people are exposed to increased its fur, pleasantly. But it has touched people will gradually come in .touch with the real thing. If the kernel size larger, its radiation area is larger, so although the kernel always very small relative, but it increases or the community to have a great impact. <p> <wbr> </ p> < .p> Many popular science advocacy are just some of the individual's knowledge, such as "earthquake disaster reduction small common sense", then "squirrel" is such a popular science advocacy? Hee 13 indicates that transmission is very fast, but not "squirrel" .is now the focus of the work. </ p> "I think that kind of knowledge dissemination, or you can do better, such as the introduction of some of the easier to remember. I feel that this is not done. It still has .room for improvement. After the 'squirrel will' have the capacity, in this respect would also action, but now we're still the easiest major operations, the development of the 'hard core' of science. "<p> <wbr> .</ p> <p> 【Link】 </ p> <p> "Ranking" popular science awareness in </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In fact, the new weekly "has done .and "squirrel". </ p> Journalists based on their understanding of the scientific work, to be a popular science workers engaged in scientific work of several possible destination, let the interviewer in accordance with the importance of the sort. As a result, .found different people on the popular science knowledge really quite different. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> The purpose of the several possible is: A. popularize scientific knowledge. </ p> B. improvement of national scientific quality .. C. foster scientific way of thinking. D. provide entertainment and lifestyle. E. proof of how scientific is also very interesting. F. make science workers and others have more of a common language. G. other. <p> <wbr .> </ p> <p> From Societe Generale Global Fund of Ms. Wang Ning said, do not believe that science can provide the recreation. </ p> She is most concerned about is a popular science to clarify some of the everyday life .. As for "prove that understand the science of man is also very interesting," this option is not in her account. So she's sort is BACG, D, E and F are tied for last. <p> <wbr> </ p .> <p> China Science and Technology Museum of the popular science workers Zhao Yang scientific way of thinking the sounds of the ranking is CABDEF. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Vice Minister Shang Hao Zhongguokexiekepubu .on improving people's quality of science is the most attention. </ p> He's ranking is BCDAFE. <p> "Squirrel" Marketing Director well cultivating also scientific life style in the first place, but apparently not from the perspective of popular science writers. .</ p> She's sort is CBADEF. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> "</ p> Squirrels will" founder, popular science writer Kyi 13 "course to cultivate the scientific thinking in the first place," .but he is very popular in the interests of others as, "the authors prove that understand the science of man is also very interesting," in the second place. He's ranking is CEDABF. <wbr> Reporter Liu Zheng.

Science was also fun!

<p> Showcase cutting-edge virtual technology, the science extends fashion topics, share animals fossils gossip ... </ p> Science fun <wbr> originally also the new Beijing, new <wbr> known weekly <wbr> <wbr> .this two psittacosaurids, a fossil, a model, you can distinguish? <wbr> <wbr> <p> Science Carnival is the big gathering of scientific youth, but also scientists, science, youth and other Community Exchange platform. </ p> .In each venue, you can see the young vibrant enthusiasm, let reporters feel as if they were returned to the College for a long time .... Two days, three lines, a dozen venues activities too huge, although the press in two days and stayed .in real time, but still not possible in every place to experience, you can only own some sporadic feelings to the readers. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Lecture heavy harvest </ p> <p> <wbr .> </ p> <p> "Science Carnival" is divided into A, B, C three lines, A line is to make technology workers lecture, B line is relatively easy to discuss activities, while the C-line is a hands- .on hands and walking activities. </ p> A line of speech is one of the most important, each scientists lecture for enthusiasts to heavy harvest, but for the love of knowledge, this component is a great pleasure. <p> <wbr> .</ p> <p> Microsoft Research Asia Dean hung xiaowen's speech to the crazy and amazing feeling, he brought about by the ppt file full of Microsoft's latest research results, including image processing, virtual reality technology. </ p> Through Microsoft's mobile .projectors and cameras, you can let users in real-time when shopping at the supermarket will be able to see product introduction. But also through the hands of the user's virtual keyboard, projecting real time connection to the Internet, learn more about commodities. Through .Microsoft's stereo camera, not only can you take out of Van Gogh paintings of line and color, as well as a small bump for pigments. Through the mobile phone camera and appropriate software, the user can not brush, solely in the air waving arms dramatically .screen rendering "Pollock"-and free abstract paintings. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Peking University psychology professor, Maori's speech to the people of another kind of "supernatural" feel. </ p> Speaking to the .brain's perceptual and real-world relationships he cites an "alias syndrome". Just like the film "alien invasion" said, some people will feel that the original parents not original, it must be other alternative, why such phenomenon? neurologists found that those .people who feel very familiar people become very strange, because they lack of familiar people bring to their experience. You don't have the emotional experience that does not produce the familiar feeling, for such patients, this information is not sent to the nucleus, .trigger the excitement, you look familiar to people not familiar with the experience, you will feel very strange, though you feel that this man was with your mother, do not feel the earlier with the experience with my mother, so what do you think mother .is replaced. Substitute syndrome is due to this cause. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> PK who has more scientific, Creative Cow </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In .most people's impression of scientific youth always thoughtful, creative youth can abstract. </ p> When the two groups on the same topic will be how under collision? Science Carnival therefore arranged a two group activities of youth thinking PK. <p> <wbr .> </ p> <p> As a creative youth representative Valley Valley, lichuan and Zhang Jin respectively from the entertainment industry and the advertising industry, and from the Internet sector "squirrel" Member Su Zhen, Yao di and a medical school teacher thin .camel is the representative of the scientific youth, in addition, the Director and the writer Hu Shu fen gun as comments guests dongdong participated in the discussions. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> The focus of .discussion was the moderator and the images: chocolate, white rose and Meteor. </ p> Creative young people try to put these things and literary and artistic works of the classic scene together; in scientific youth seems to be all that is possible with in .-depth explanation. Lean camel said, chocolate can taste to produce "love like feeling", because it contains theobromine. Theobromine scientific name "3, 7-2-methyl-Xanthine", and caffeine, theophylline materials belonging to the same class. .It can be central nervous excitement, relaxation, improve cardiac muscle. However, high concentrations of theobromine kill dogs, cats and other animals. Lean camel reminds pet audience must remember let pets away from the dark chocolate such as food. <p> <wbr .> </ p> <p> Su Zhen emphasized the White Rose is a species of Rosaceae. </ p> He highlighted how to distinguish between roses and its "cousins" rose. Rose stems on very dense, sparse, rose is rose a .petiole on 5-9 tablets Lobular, and leaves deep wrinkle; rose is more than 3-5 tablets, but also leaves a smooth. According to these characteristics, the market's "red rose", in fact, almost all of the "red rose .". <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> It is interesting to note that during the discussion on the topic of" shooting star ", a creative youth said: why do all of the various cultures have on a wishin ' .behavior. </ p> Lean camel caught this detail, emphasizing that this argument does not have sufficient documentation to support, so the "lack of scientific evidence." Two groups of youth mindset differences revealed no doubt. <p> <wbr> < ./ p> <p> Walking tractor in exchange for total fin fish </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> The "da Vinci walking Squadron" is the squirrels will be an important scientific activities. </ .p> As "Science Carnival" offsite activities in science and squirrels will members, paleontologists XING Lida and Lou Jing, dozens of science enthusiasts visited the CAS Institute of ancient vertebrates and ancient Chinese ancient animal Museum. <p> <wbr> </ p .> <p> Lou Jing is the Institute's graduate students, mainly on ancient fish. </ p> She explained to the lovers of the Museum of ancient fish fossils and specimens. In the field, a Latif El fish specimens caught everyone's attention. It .belongs to the total fin fish, is used in biology textbooks of famousThe "living fossil". Lou Jing, this fish in 1976 in African Islands Comoros is captured, in 1982, it was a gift of our country. Later, China's authorities also to .give two tractors. "So, this is used in return two tractors." <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> <wbr> Ancient ancient vertebrates and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Lu Jing is explained to visitors " .tractor in exchange for Latif El fish "story. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> After the fish is an amphibian, a dinosaur experts, XING Lida began to play on the task. </ p .> He has to say, in the ancient animal Museum dinosaur exhibit in the pool of large dinosaur bones are actually making sophisticated model, which showcased fossil plate and small fossils, are "real". So how do you distinguish between fossil and model? < .p> <wbr> </ p> <p> XING Lida said there are three reference points, one is head-and-drop long crack appears, therefore, to check whether these sutural obviously, nature; the second is to look at the .sample color is natural; and third, if the sample is a rack of bones, so you can see the supporting steel bar is next to from bones through or from the bones of the Middle through - the real fossils of course cannot be destroyed. < ./ p> In the second floor of an ancient animal Museum, has a pair of psittacosaurids bones rack, one is from, one is the model, with the help of these three criteria will easily make the difference. In explanation, XING Lida also mentioned .a lot of interesting scientific trivia. For example, when the United States of Western miner have called Xiao, nor animals of scleral fossils, as the washbasin. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Activities of the last, the .Institute specializes in the direction of King of ancient spring snow, also to demonstrate how the use of ancient Flint fire. </ p> Unfortunately, because the day has been a heavy snow, wet, this experiment eventually failed. Everyone laments: "modern .primitive "it is not easy! <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Dialogue there is always a chord moving hearts </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p>" Xiaoji light will " .is "squirrel" ACE activities. </ p> "Science Carnival," "light" theme is "love". 71-year-old Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Zoology, principal researcher wishing sincerely, Professor of Psychology at Peking University Suyanjie ., Niu Bo NET founder Yong-Hao Luo and everybody discussed what is love, love of fresh, and a wide variety of sexual psychology. The CAS Institute of Zoology doctoral Zhang Jin-Suk of impressive. He said: "I am engaged in mammals ., in particular, to the bat ". In the specific context, a" get "things caused laughter. Zhang Jin-Suk further said:" I'm not saying the 'research', 'get', I like them, we must .get 'them'. "This is fully a joke, but also meet the science, and enjoy the benefits of scientific topics. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In the name of" Science and X "activities, .Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences researcher horse Plains and Sociology Professor Zheng yefu dialogue. </ p> Horse fields that since mankind can be scanned on the brain, and Social Sciences has really become a "Science", and produced many new .branches, such as "nerve neural economics" and "advertising" and "nerve film studies". Zheng yefu you made your own "Science". He said, some people say that premature clever, but no explanation. He had explained that he considered .premature early world months, sensory early open several months later, other babies want to chase and catch up. He further said that the extension of the human itself is a premature infant, as compared to the same size of biological, human pregnancy is very short ., this is because human beings upright walking to the physical limitations caused by birth canal diameter, the human fetus are not fully mature production down. This is the result of natural selection, which matures until production of fetal death, mother and son will be phased .out. So he said that human infants are not "not normal", is a type of gene expression, and thus more proof that "clever" theory in preterm infants. Horse fields indicated that his future may use brain scans, prove premature babies really .clever. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> <wbr> Musician liuxiaolong (left) and physicist limiao (right) discusses the problem of "string". </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p .> <p> The most wonderful dialogue occurs with artist temperament of theoretical physicists limiao and very "loose" musician liuxiaolong dialogue. </ p> An opening, it describes limiao can unify the various particle "string theory". This theory is that all .particles is actually several "chord" vibration State. This simple beauty to the scientist "by spectrum" feeling. But the scene playing the piano, liuxiaolong in front of the audience that the 5 ° and 7 ° interval to give people a feeling of harmony ., while other interval can bring the feeling of "stimulation". The universe of chord "Xuan and mysterious," but the strings to a harmonious feeling of modern science cannot explain. The origin of the world and man's thinking these two permanent mystery collision in .a string, and the art and science have in common that are on the pursuit of "us". In such a conflict impact, science has become so touching. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> New thematic interviews / .reporter Liu Zheng Xu de Fang </ p> <p> This thematic picture by science squirrels will provide <wbr> </ p>.

Primitive are bolt?

<p> Australia anthropologist new book research, prehistoric humans possess excellent movement capability of modern primitive people, the movement has "big <wbr> can" <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> original one can run faster than I who .deceive you. </ p> (Design lines) <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <p> New cover page <wbr> <wbr> </ p> <p> 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Jamaica's Ukrainian Thane .· Humboldt ran out of the 9 seconds 72 of men's 100 m world record, shocked the world, he was crowned with the latest "Jet set" title. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> However ., there are scientists who write books, many of Australia's prehistoric people if you live in a contemporary, can easily surpass Boldt of 100 m or 200 m. </ p> This surprising conclusion is one of Australia's anthropologists in the latest published book the male .Anthropology (Manthropology). <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> 1 "the worst men in history." </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Australia anthropologist Peter · Mike loyalist .(PeterMcAllister) of the book male anthropology, subtitle more provocative, known as the "ability of modern men of science". </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Mike loyalist in the book with his discovery .gives startling comparison. </ p> In addition to Australia's indigenous can easily exceed Boldt of dash, documented that some Tutsi men ever go beyond current holderof (2.45 m). The author argues that in adult ceremony, they were forced to jump at least .higher than his own height of height, this is truly a rite. The author also said that any Caveman female wrestling you can easily defeated former bodybuilders in the Championship, now United States California Governor Schwarzenegger. <p> <wbr> </ p> .<p> Sounds are not let people years ago, the movie the gods must be crazy "? movie, personal, West Africa, and the African natives in physical gaps. </ p> But it's just a movie, and now Mike loyalist from .the preface to this book begins to "attack" modern man's "ability", call it "the worst in the history of mankind's men." <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> The author has in New England University and .Queensland University archaeology, in his book, his main scientific evidence is prehistoric tools and archaeological evidence, he so strongly, cold tone "attack" of modern people, because he believes he has enough evidence material to prove his point of view: modern people at .least the most basic of Olympic sport lagging far ancestors. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Mike loyalist on Australian native can speed beyond Humboldt views from his discovery of 2 million years ago the Australian natives left .a trail of footprints, which are saved in an ancient lake bed that rendered six people pursue their prey. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> According to one of the indigenous men a footprint analysis, this .is named T8 footprints show that men have soft, muddy lake edge running has reached 37 km per hour. </ p> In contrast, bolt ran out at the Olympics, converted down but is 42 kilometers per hour, only better than "T8" .a little faster. Mike loyalist in media interviews, said that, assuming that there is a modern training methods, modern equipment such as spikes, rubber road, etc., these native hunters may reach 45 kilometres per hour speed limit. <p> < .wbr> </ p> <p> "We can distinguish from footprints in, T8 is accelerated. </ p>" He said, can assume that all T8 peers in humans are ran as fast as him. "We must remember that these .fossils are formed. "He said." Who can think of would be so accidentally find Australia the fastest runner and his footprint also preserved down? "<p> <wbr> </ p> <p> 2 burrowing women Beat Schwarzenegger? < ./ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Mike loyalist said that Germany anthropologists in the last century, photography, African Tutsi young man had jumped out of 2.52 m. </ p> "This is part of the .adult ceremony, you must jump over your own height can prove that he has come of age. "He said. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Mike loyalist also said that the archaeological discovery, a Caveman women have muscles .than modern European men more than 10%. </ p> If you follow the modern way of fitness, she will be able to achieve an official in his peak amount of 90% of muscles. He also said that Caveman with modern man has a .completely different physiological structure. "She can easily be Schwarzenegger press down on the table." <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> About "male anthropology" male power and speed of evolution, Mike loyalist there are many more examples .. </ p> For example, the ancient Roman Legion soldiers can be a daily half marathon, but also can carry about half their body weight. <p> Why mankind will become more and more the "weak"? author believes that modern humans .in sports is not active, especially from the beginning of the industrial revolution. </ p> However, the author says, "the human body is very flexible and with pressure changes. Since we now need the amount of muscle is much lower than in .the past, so we are the backbone of the long bones than before the industrial revolution in the reduction of 40%. "<p> <wbr> </ p> <p>" We certainly don't like antiquity or nearly the same .ancient era of human face the same challenges and pressures on the survival, so our bodies would have been no further developments. </ p> Players are also able to go back to previous human physique. "Although the sport elites every year to break the .world record, but this is almost a hundred years. Mike loyalist believes that today's Olympic record of mankind and the antiquity of the evident compared to human physical decline. <p> <wbr> </ p>> <p> 3 cause huge controversy .</ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> After the publication of the book readers caused a great stir, on-line there have been many discussions. </ p> There are a number of Internet users agree .with the author's view that on the physical evolution of mankind should produce reflection itself, users were of the view that these arguments are not scientific. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Some people saying: "of course the previous .human stronger ... </ p> Darwin not long ago already illustrate this point. The problem is we need skills is an intelligent and ability to multi-task. "Some people said:" I want to see those Caveman established after large particle .collider to compare again! "was also made that the author ignores modern social success, such as law and order and the pursuit of science. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> There are also some netizens defended for authors. .</ p> Friends have said: "physique or not and the level of intelligence that many people overlook. Human intelligence has multiple causes. When people have active muscle after exercise, the brain activity is also active, there have been many examples illustrate physical .improvements brought about by the brain to increase intelligence. "<p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Compilation / reporter Kim Yu <wbr> </ p>.

Yuzhaizu dietary guidelines

<p> Yuzhaizu dietary guidelines <wbr> </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> I'm not yuzhaizu. </ p> The last decades, can be considered the "family" of time probably .only going GRE exam for several months. At that time, the graduate course almost finished, and on a fast yet formally started experimenting, so in addition to the dining room to play with and occasionally on class, basically "residence" in the dormitory memorizing .words do. Table sat tired lying in bed, bed tired of sitting in front of the table. Daily life fun only dinner - although we are all accustomed to satirical school canteens, however "wudaokou College" has a dozen canteens, "in a fit .for me "- and then the two downstairs is OK, you also don't have to go far. In order to kaolao yourself, I will eat snacks. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> A few months .after the conclusion of the examination. </ p> Results didn't improve much, weight down a lot - from 110 kg soared to 140 pounds or so. Since then, I'm on the "hard" and "skinny" causal relationship .between is filled with doubt. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> After some years, then from the academic perspective to focus on this issue, I found that this "SFI" is an inevitable result. </ p> ."Residence" after the consumption of energy and significantly reduced, but also adds some snacks, SFI also is a winner. "Hard" and "skinny" is really down between nothing necessarily linked. <p> <wbr> </ p> < .p> Closer to home. </ p> For a healthy diet, there are two factors: the restriction of calories and nutrients. Calories for weight has direct effect, weight too large with many chronic diseases of high risk. Calorie control is fundamental to .control body weight, while reducing the amount of calories the food is the most direct and effective means. However, the basic human needs nutrients cannot therefore reduced. Both the essential amino acids, essential fatty acids and other "macro-nutrients" or vitamins, .minerals and micro nutrients that are involved to maintain the normal physiological function, maintain normal immunity, utility, indispensable. Therefore, simply a diet may be able to lose weight, but not necessarily beneficial to health. This contradiction between the "reasonable cause" requirement .- recipes - and thus support a feature called "dietitian" industry. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> For yuzhaizu, both of contradiction becomes even more acute. </ p> Compared with ordinary people, the heat consumption .zhairen lower number, in order to keep the heat balance can only eat less. But the human appetite and heat in the system is not the same departments manage, communicate each other aren't. Residence in the House, facing the close proximity of the .fridge, to keep his appetite is really need perseverance. In addition, reducing the amount of food, but also makes micro-nutrients of security becomes difficult. If we get it Sung so mathematical language to describe words (on mathematical nature of the subject who .can jump, does not affect the following reading): the demand for various kinds of food, all kinds of food as the unknown quantity of nutrients constitute a coefficient matrix and the human body for a variety of nutritional components of demand constitute a right of the .inequality group; and ordinary people of heat than zhairen inequality right value to small lot, while other unchanged; the inequalities in a volume changes makes the whole inequalities solution set is small. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In .order to meet the body's nutritional balance - this includes thermal appropriate and reasonable, yuzhaizu components can consider the following principles: </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> • Avoid or eat less calories and nutrients with high .but trace amounts of food, such as bread, cakes, bread, biscuits, fried food, etc., even if rice is also possible to eat less. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> • .Try not to eat snacks, and sugary drinks, in order to fill your belly will just eat fruit; </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> ● Eat the right amount of high quality protein, such as .milk and meat (chicken, fish better), eggs, soy products, etc., used vegetable oil fried vegetables, avoid animal; </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> ● High-fiber diet cereals .with milk (or soy) breakfast, dinner with calories low but their sense of food, such as roughage, vegetables, etc. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> • Provide a folk remedies: find .several sheets of film "downsizing" of men and women of the poster on the refrigerator door. </ p> If you do not want to build on and tablets Andy Lau, Sammi Cheng, in there are similarities, you have to resist the temptation .to live many. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> □ Cloud Centerless (United States Food Engineering doctorate) <wbr> </ p>.

Chinese scientists-"artificial black hole controversy

<p> Purdue University Professor theoretical assumptions, Southeast University experts completed preliminary experimental Chinese scientists made into "artificial black hole" <wbr> </ p> <p> The <wbr> Beijing News "new knowledge weekly recently, Southeast University, two .scientists in an article entitled "hyper-material electromagnetic black hole paper attracted the attention of the scientific community. </ p> New Scientist" reported the matter, said "the Earth's first absorb light made of black holes." 15 October, the journal .nature scientists also to "develop portable black hole" in the name of this study. This forthcoming papers describe the Chinese scientists achieving the previous Purdue University Professor for capturing all the light of the "black hole" of the desktop, for the first time realized .by hyper-material can absorb all microwave appliances, in accordance with its subsequent development, once it can absorb all of the Sun, you will be able to effectively improve solar technology. This thesis in solar technology, Astrophysics and hyper-material research raises a .number of different reactions, and controversial. <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> (The "Chinese scientists create artificial black hole" of the device. In the box to use the graphics they both Hyper-material structure.) <wbr> 1 ."black hole" discussions <p> Big named "electromagnetic wave absorber" </ p> <p> <wbr> This paper consists of Southeast University State Key Laboratory of millimeter wave two scientists Cui tiejun and Cheng Qiang wrote, in temporary storage to .be published scientific papers arXiv website. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> "How likely is a black hole? if you really can build out an artificial black hole, as early as the Nobel Prize! ."a Chinese physicists in listening the study said. </ p> While others have seen scientific papers, papers that appear in all the" black hole ", are no quotes around it, this could be misleading. <p> <wbr> < ./ p> <p> In this essay that traditionally, black hole is a huge gravitational field of space, in accordance with the general theory of relativity, it will absorb light, everything included. </ p> But the author has done is to .use hyper-material in the electromagnetic field simulation of a "black hole". <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In response to a reporter on the "black hole" is a term used by the query, the paper .first author Cheng Qiang explains: "this device really is not a true sense of the gravity of a black hole, but it is the regulation of the electromagnetic wave to similar effect, I think it can be understood as a strong attraction of electromagnetic devices. .</ p> "However, he also said, you can put this device as a" black body ". All objects will absorb and radiate electromagnetic waves (visible electromagnetic wave is the light). Electromagnetic radiation out in each band will have different profiles ., this phenomenon is called radiation. In order to study the law, physicists defines an ideal of absolute objects - bold, as heat radiation study of standard objects. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Black body can absorb all .exposure to it that the presence of the electromagnetic wave, in the dark, light reflection or transmission cannot be. </ p> The universe does not exist in absolute terms in bold, the nearest black body exists, it is a cosmic black hole. .<p> <wbr> </ p> <p> According to general relativity, the black hole of great quality and warp space, light and other substances can escape from the gravitational field. </ p> Of course, if we simply black .holes be understood as "not only into the light", the study of Southeast University implements such similar "black hole" effect, although the so-called "black hole", and the real gravitational field of a black hole. <p> < .wbr> </ p> <p> 2 design principles </ p> <p> Let light distortion with clustered to nuclear </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> This experiment, based on the recent .United States two professors published a hypothesis. </ p> In July this year, the United States Purdue University two professors na SEO pimanov (EvgeniiNarimanov) and kilday kushev (AlexanderKildishev) in the application of physical review published a very creative theory assumes that the .optical black hole: Broadband omnidirectional light absorber. They imagined a can take advantage of hyper-material absorption "bold", through data analog display, it can achieve high efficiency absorption. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> " .We mean and black hole a similar effect, but not the same phenomenon. </ p> "Two authors in this interview, referred to. In the papers, they wrote: from application to optical Quantum dynamics, in modern science and engineering," .bold "radiation concept provides a great help. However, there is no material can all angles all the wavelengths of light, for 100% absorption. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In the gravitational field of a black hole ., giant and temporal distortion, the quality of the light and the other materials along the twisting of temporal and spatial rotation to go into the depths of the black hole. </ p> The two scientists borrowed the optical gravitational field black hole distortion of the .principle of an optical analogy. They envisaged a novel design of light absorption, so that the light at the theoretical level, in the artificial device distort and enter the Center. They calculated through the hyper-material design a cylindrical structure, its central nucleus surrounded .by concentric enclosures, and allows the light to the key factors in bending is the device shell's dielectric constant. Dielectric constant that represents the capabilities of an insulation coefficient, affect the electromagnetic waves of electric components, if the relevant design makes material changes of the dielectric .constant of the progressive, you can make light from outer to the central nucleus of progressively distorted. By calculation, they got a on any direction, the wavelength of the light absorption of up to 100% of the way. <p> <wbr> .</ p> <p> This essay was published less than 4 months, Southeast University researchers to achieve this design step 1: "prior theoretical work, we offer the first case the microwave frequencies in the electromagnetic field experiment of black holes. </ .p> "They wrote in the paper. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> <wbr> a </ p> <p> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> b </ p> <p> .<wbr> <wbr> </ p>> <wbr> c <p> <wbr> D <wbr> <wbr> incidence angle different microwave can be this "artificial black hole device absorption off. </ p> Ac is a .theoretical calculation, bd is the actual measurement results, both with very well. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> 3 material characteristics </ p> <p> "Stealth" materials and ruffled </ p> <p .> <wbr> </ p> <p> To achieve this design, the key is to design a dielectric constant energy with radial changes of special materials. </ p> Southeast University researchers used at present materials science community as many as "hyper .-material "for the experiment. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p>" Hyper-material from many subwavelength units do periodic arrangement, and chemical synthesis of materials are very different and, therefore, also known as artificial electromagnetic materials .. </ p> "Currently, hyper-material in many new areas of work. Cheng strongly that their experiment design adopted can occur a gradient of refraction. It's a lot of new conceptual design as" camouflage clothing "in the application. Cheng said ., Professor at Purdue's published papers until they have been in a similar study. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Early this year, Cui tiejun has worked with United States Duke University Professor cooperation in science on Bewitched. </ .p> They take advantage of hyper-material in the successful development of microwave section cylindrical "camouflage clothing", and make improvements within the band. Will this "stealth" clothed clothing a target on the ground, also the target of the "disappeared" .. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> This time they in the Purdue Research Foundation, to structure complex circuit boards do support unit, use the hyper-material design out 60-coaxial ring, concentric rings from one to another .of concentric circles, the characteristics of the circuit board and outer 40 concentric rings up device shell, internal 20 concentric rings constitute the absorber. </ p> Electromagnetic wave irradiation to the appliance, are led into the Center core, no longer out of it .. If the device can absorb visible light, it will be a darker. However, they only in microwave level achieved this purpose. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> 4 controversy </ p> <p> Microwave does .not equal light </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Experimental Chinese scientists, kilday timashev and NA-Kumanovo evaluation road, although the Chinese scientists used microwave materials in negative refractive index, and so there are a .lot of research to achieve the imaginary not difficult, but they still because it so quickly was achieved and was surprised. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> On the other hand, they also indicated that the .thesis still exist some problems. </ p> Their papers have been a lot of numerical simulation, missing is experimental. Chinese papers there is no need for additional numerical simulation and experimental measurements of key is still lacking. Second, "microwave - an important .use of the Sun acquisition? "kilday troshev stressed that the papers have exaggerated, overestimated only in microwave level implementation of the" black hole "in the role of solar energy applications. To create a" black hole "in the optical techniques have more challenges .. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Although the microwave and visible light is electromagnetic wave, however, to achieve a assimilation and microwave in all-optical absorption of all, I still have a very big difference. </ .p> Shanghai Science and technology press Edit, astrophysics, Sun is where explained that the microwave is e (current) back and forth motion of the outcomes, microwave, and as long as the oscillation circuit can be rather light (photons), is the .atom the electron level transitions, infrared / visible / UV, electronic transition to release energy to get, so their absorption mechanism is also very different. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> "This and the black hole of bandwidth ., we're on the construction of artificial materials for change, but microwave and optical absorption mechanism is the same. </ p> "Facing the challenge, Cheng Qiang interview, in response to that. Their one month before the completion of a microwave .experiment, the ongoing experiment of optical wavelengths, you may also need a few months, "could you prepare them also it is difficult to say." <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Sunlight is a full-band of .light, in the present solar technology, has a lot to high efficiency absorption optical material, but to the whole band absorption of technology but it is very difficult, therefore only the Sun acquisition, this study has yet to break through the most critical step, .and Sun's acquisition in the entire solar technology is just the easy step. </ p> Current solar energy technology, the biggest problem lies in the photoelectric conversion. This study does not address this issue. <p> <wbr> </ p> .<p> Nevertheless, in the microwave band out of the controversial first step, perhaps the future of solar energy technology breakthrough. </ p> <p> Reporter Kim Yu this version of the picture are taken from the hyper-material electromagnetic black hole ."</ p>.

"Artificial black hole" really can solve the energy crisis?

<p> Photovoltaic power generation is still a bottleneck, thermal power generation or for solar, <wbr> how? <wbr> the Beijing News "<wbr> awakening weekly <wbr> near Seville in Spain, has a magnificent solar thermal conversion plant .. </ p> Huge mirror let the sunlight to heat the water boiler, steam driven generating the reuse of the turbine. Information <wbr> picture <wbr> Chinese researchers papers that produce "artificial black hole" of messages caused by world scientific media .attention. (Detailed report http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4b2b7de20100fykb.html) everyone hopes this research will answer the following questions: are we can solar energy utilization to what level in the coming energy crisis, the Sun .will save humanity? <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Mankind has been in use of sunlight, but, what is the photo, from light to heat?, from optical to electrical, what happened? current solar technology why .no revolutionary breakthrough? great Sun God to save the future of humanity? </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> 1 battery principle </ p> <p> How to let light into electricity? </ .p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In 1905, Einstein from Germany physicist Max Planck Institute for quantum hypothesis "of" inspiration, discovery of light (electromagnetic wave) was not a wave, and Atomic, electron, .like the sequential particles. </ p> Einstein's assumptions, the light is the speed of light C moving particles. He called photons, each quantum of energy equal to the light frequency is multiplied by the Planck constant h. The discovery of the Planck constant .h, triggered a revolution in quantum physics, Einstein is because on the interpretation of the "photoelectric effect", won the Nobel Prize in 1921. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> According to Einstein's theory, when a light .shines in some material, "kicked out" an Opto-Electronics, which leaves a "hole", another electrode e will flow over to compensate for this "hole". </ p> Current is produced. This is the light energy into electrical .energy in the micro-level events. But not all materials are able to play opto-electronics. Must have current, e must be able to free movement, "in the metal, without illumination electronic can flow, so the metal conductor. Ceramic insulators ., in light of this and more is not out of the electronic, inside is not current. Only be beaten out electronic to is half insulated semiconductor, General Electronics will not be fixed, but in certain conditions given, becomes dynamic. "The Chinese Academy .of science of solar cell technology research group researcher zhouchunlan explained. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In the semiconductor industry, source of abundant silicon as the most critical materials. </ p> It is not only a modern .computer electronics materials, also became the key to modern battery technology. Sunlight in the Silicon Crystal, an e-mail, up to 25% of the energy transmitted to it, the rest of the light energy is transformed into heat energy. <p> .<wbr> </ p> <p> Solar energy battery operation mechanism, light into electricity has two steps: first of all to let light into the battery, as much as possible to let the light all in, followed by a photoelectric conversion. .</ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> The relative ease of acquisition. </ p> Zhouchunlan said, when the light exposure to substances, occur in three situations: absorption, transmission and reflection. "Now .the battery technology General absorption and transmission problems are resolved, reflecting the General control of over 10%, that is, the Sun's acquisition can do 90%. "So, even if you assume that scientists really one day will be the" black hole " .microwave "visible black holes" and achieved a 100% absorption of light, a photoelectric conversion link, the end conversion efficiency may also simply raise one or two percentage points. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> "Photoelectric conversion .is the key to solar battery technology, there has been no significant breakthroughs. </ p> "Zhouchunlan said, the reason is simple, when you were out of optoelectronics, produces more than 25% of the energy conversion, most of the light energy .is converted into heat energy. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In today's world of battery technology, inexpensive solar cells only 10% of energy into electrical energy, the most advanced solar cells for maximum efficiency can be achieved 41 .% more, but the complexity of its production, materials are very expensive, the efficiency of solar cells in General only 20%. </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> 2 photovoltaic technology </ p> .<p> Conquer the "Achilles heel" </ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Solar energy directly into electricity effect, called photovoltaic (PV) effect, this is the core of the solar cell technology. .</ p> <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> The breakthrough of the photoelectric conversion has several aspects. </ p> Some scientists start from materials: each semiconductor has a certain "band-gap". Photonic band .gap "and" the closer, the higher the efficiency of the battery. In 1954, Bell Labs first found abundant cheap and close to the "band" silicon crystals do material, but their first block Mono solar cell efficiency by only 6%. Today ., scientists are trying to make a more efficient civil solar batteries, cheap and efficiency up to 20% of the photovoltaic cells become popular. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In other new studies, scientists use a more efficient .semiconductor materials such as compound semiconductor, etc., but efficient battery cost prohibitive, so most of them only to military and aviation fields. </ p> For example, the Boeing Company in recent years developed used in NASA space probe on photovoltaic materials, .conversion efficiency may reach 40%. On efficiency, this material is now popular Silicon material twice, but production cost is higher than 100 times more. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> On the other hand, in order to .overcome the photoelectric conversion this "Achilles heel", scientists and efforts in the cell structure. </ p> In recent years aA more successful design from the former NASA scientist of a company. They will design a lens into the battery. This can be .as much as possible to increase the battery plate on the absorption of sunlight. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Another study to make the most efficient battery has reached 41%. </ p> Know-how is the .multilayer structure of the cell, and each layer can absorb all the bands in the solar spectrum of different colors of light. "Light in three ways after the first is how to go in and do it, but in time of wavelength with out of different .wavelength change occurs, the other two channels is light into electricity and light into heat. "Zhouchunlan explain the multilayer structure of the cell, said that" this kind of structure, is how lets light into heat of probability to smaller, become greater probability of .electricity. "However, multilayer structure battery still face high costs. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> 3 solar thermal power generation </ p> <p> There has been a business transformation plant </ p> < .p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Many people in the field of solar energy are referred to a hypothetical: theoretically, found a sunny land, as long as the United States, half the size of Texas, all covered with solar .cells. </ p> Even if the conversion rate is only 20% of global energy issues will be addressed immediately. <p> Suppose return assumptions allow global spell so much a place to absorb solar energy is not an easy task. </ p .> In accordance with existing civil battery technology, in the light intensity of 100% of 1 square meter area the Sun's irradiance per hour can produce about 0.5 unit. "Assuming the roof covered 100 square meters of battery plate, according to the conversion rate of .16%, can send per hour, 8 degree days 6 hours 48 units of electricity can be made. "Zhouchunlan computing said that" personal use costs or high. "<p> <wbr> </ p> <p> However, PV .is the solar energy into electricity, the only way. </ p> We also have many other technologies using solar energy. For example, in recent years, use the-thermal power generation industry started to pop. Photovoltaic technology is allowing light directly into .electricity, solar thermal power generation is to let light fever, and then to produce electricity. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Light into heat is generated, rather than the efficiency of the conversion process is almost 100%. .</ p> Solar heating water technology early on universal access. In recent years, foreign began some large power plants, the use of mirror or lens at the Sun, and then use the steam to drive steam turbines. According to the Chinese Academy of .science in electrical engineering, Dr. Yao Zhi Hao, coal-fired power plant can produce thermal power generation, nuclear power through nuclear fusion produces heat, natural gas also through thermal power generation, solar energy into heat ", coal, nuclear fusion is the .same. "<p> <wbr> </ p> <p> By steam power generation, efficiency can reach 20%. </ p> In addition to steam, Yao chi-Ho said, you can also generate electricity through other intermediary .. For example, desert, water, Sun, sunlight can be assembled to form the heating air with high temperature and high pressure, or you can directly generate electricity and water are combined into a steam electric power generation. In addition, you can also become .fluid lava heating, absorb the Sun's heat, and then pass the water will soon turn into steam. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Near Seville in Spain, has a magnificent solar thermal conversion plant. </ p> .This is the world's first commercial solar Tower, a huge mirror let sunlight into the boiler, the steam-driven power generation by utilizing the turbine, the factory can generate 1.1 million kilowatts of power to meet 6 million of electricity demand. <p> < .wbr> </ p> <p> <wbr> Overlooking Sevilla near the solar thermal conversion plant. </ p> Information pictures <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> In addition to the specular reflection, now also called .dish / Stirling solar thermal power generation system, by Stirling engine, sunlight can make their innermost natural gas expansion, ultimately driving the efficiency of the engine, it has reached 24%, more than any other solar thermal power generation systems. </ p> .Today, the United States has officially in the Mojave Desert Department plans to build the world's first flying saucer solar heating plant. <p> <wbr> </ p> <p> Every two weeks, the solar radiation energy in the Earth's surface than .a year of all energy used together are more, the Sun is the enormous energy library. </ p> Although there are still many difficulties, but the world's scientists are fully committed to research better solar technology. A new solar era is coming. " .The total useful out of coal, solar how to use couldn't finish. "Zhouchunlan said," no matter what technology, I believe that the solar one day can save mankind. "<p> <wbr> </ p> <p .> New thematic interviews / reporter Kim Yu </ p> <p> This special appreciated: </ p> <p> Cui tiejun (Southeast University, Deputy Director of the State Key Laboratory of millimeter waves) </ p> <p> .Cheng Qiang (Southeast University state key Lab of millimeter waves) </ p> <p> Kilday kushev (United States Purdue University electronic and Computing Engineering, principal researcher) </ p> <p> Sun is where (Shanghai Science and technology press .Edit) </ p> <p> Zhouchunlan (Chinese Academy of science of solar cell technology research group researcher) </ p> <p> Yao Zhi Hao (Chinese Academy of science in electrical engineering Ph.d.) <wbr> < ./ p>.