"God" broke LHC

Large Hadron Collider to be doom, scientists say is a "natural" destroy a baguette "LHC rout" Beijing News the new knowledge weekly LHC ring tunnel located in France and Switzerland, aimed at high energy state impact Atomic in search of Higgs boson exist evidence.

Broadcast the film "2012", NASA received from all over the world many letters asking if you really want to come to the end of the world.

Been asked more than NASA, in 2008, Europe's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) also had the same experiences and countless copies of letters came, to ask if LHC will create a black hole to destroy the world.

However, the real let LHC scientists headaches are not these letters, but from the initial project, never has to stop one after another.

In Roger stopped nearly a year, will be restarted when the LHC experiment last week again encountered accidents: it's an external variable electric apparatus falling into a small piece of bread, the world's most expensive, most complex machine serious overheating and closes automatically.

"Strange birds" obstructed through experiments?

LHC machine Coordinator LaMond (MikeLamont) acknowledged the accidents.

He said that the heat of superconducting magnets from-271.1 ¡æ warming to-265 ° c, causing cooling system failure. The inspection, it was a bird left "a piece of bread," France long staff, resulting in the rapid superconducting process aborted. The earliest discovered the problem is some crazy Collider study of enthusiasts, they are on a network monitoring data noticed unusual temperature changes.

The European nuclear research (CERN) mechanics kutka (TadeuszKurtyka) told the media, when the Collider temperature reaches-263.55 ℃, suddenly appear machine "accident" aborted.

In theory, if the LHC is the normal operation of full load, which can result in catastrophic crash. Last year because of a similar accident, causing the machine halt for 14 months.

After the accident, the LHC in the network continued to be cynical and from all walks of life.

Some people leave a message saying that the "birds stop LHC save the world"; others thought that is traversing the future of the birds come to now, the destruction of the experiment, this statement lasted two physicists in recent years hard work by the view. Institute of Denmark Bohr Nilsen (BechNielsen) and the Japan Yukawa Institute of theoretical physics professor of Masao Ninomiya in past year continuously published papers, stressed that the operation is encountered LHC so much delayed because envisaged Higgs boson is incompatible with the nature is too "" — naturally didn't want to let the Higgs boson exist, if you insist on making it, may result in "out of order-in-time" that is, the so-called space travel, Collider produced Higgs boson before Collider to stop.

Nielsen believes that the destruction is "God" prank.

The "God particle" is not easy to find

LHC since September 2008 has officially started the way go togeth, now almost still starting point.

This section of the circumference of 27 km ring tunnel located in France and Switzerland, aimed at the impact of high energy State, in search of atoms is called the "God particle" Higgs boson exist evidence.

In accordance with the current theory, because the Higgs boson, the universe of the big bang to appear, capture the Higgs boson, perhaps you can rebuild the big explosion of cosmic patterns, exploration of the universe formed mysteries. United Kingdom physicist Higgs (PeterHiggs) in 1964 by Higgs boson exist hypotheses. Since then, no one succeeded in capturing the "God particle", and usually, they are all because some I didn't expect, looks very mysterious.

LHC cost $ 100 billion, more than 8000 worldwide participated in the scientific research personnel

, is the world's most expensive and largest experimental project, scheduled to begin operation in 2006. But Accelerator startup only 9 days, because welding unintended electronics ODF overheat and stop running, 1624 large superconducting magnets in 53 therefore damage. Since then, the container is equipped with liquid helium is arc Pierce, 6 tons of liquid helium leak, Collider was forced to close. For this reason behind the incident, from "terrorist activities" to "United States Fermi laboratory of deliberate destruction," there are all kinds of speculation.

In October of this year, the LHC Shi achievements, the engineers announces successful will import two beam particle collider.

However, only after a month, a piece from the air suddenly dropped bread again prevented the operation of the machine. However, CERN's spokesperson, the accelerator may need more power and near the city of Geneva need as many total power, because a fortuitous accident off the bread is normal. LHC physicist also promises that, before the end of the year, Accelerator can go.

Theoretical physicists limited

Nielsen insists his theory.

He said that every time the scientists claimed that will capture the Higgs boson, their theory is true, the "future intervention." Nielsen on "universe refused Higgs boson exist" theory is based on complex mathematical proof.But he told the media said: "you can simply explain, is God or nature, sick of Higgs boson, try not to let it happen. ”

For Nielsen's theory, many physicists, this theory is interesting, but it is not necessarily to science.

Higgs boson already exist in nature, the LHC is trying to capture it. When high energy cosmic rays and collided with the Earth's atmosphere, particle impact generated energy is equivalent to the LHC experiments planned energy. There are some scientists even believe that United States Chicago near Fermi laboratory of positive and negativeProton Collider Tevatron Accelerator is manufacturing a Higgs boson. Currently, Fermi laboratory scientists have to finish the test data to demonstrate that the Higgs boson. For this kind of guessing, Nielsen also on media published his opinion: "may the in many cases, the ' God ' will stop the Higgs particle, but when very young, perhaps he will let it go. ”

Nielsen is a theoretical physicist, he thought it was a lot of applied physicist thinks is fantastic, whose task is to design various telescopes and accelerator to prove that the former hypothesis.

Today, many applications of physicists agree that theoretical physicists because of a lack of experimental data, updates to a bottleneck in the stage, the last to produce various strange guess, such as "time and space shuttle" idea.

This version compiles/reporter Kim Yu

With Pearl powder to beauty?

With Pearl powder to beauty?

"Zhucha, noodles with spring" is perhaps the most female skin.

Here's the "Pearl", said a Pearl. Early Pearl rare rare, has always been regarded as precious. Now we know that the Pearl is not the Bengbu absorb the essence of heaven and Earth beta condensed into a "miraculous", which is a unique pathological phenomena. Now, people can achieve the Pearl of mass production. In our country, pearls have long been deemed to drug use. Li Shizhen think pearls of mainly in skincare. Therefore, it's a lot of cosmetic products and even products containing Pearl powder. This long history of cosmetic substances really as miraculous legends?

Calcium carbonate is Pearl powder's main ingredient, the content is generally more than 90%.

Many Pearl powder as raw materials for cosmetics in publicity, as the main thrust of the highlights. Yes, calcium is very important to the human body, it is not only a composition of bones, teeth of basic components, also participated in the human body in many critical physiological processes. However, through the skin to absorb calcium carbonate, is very difficult. The skin is located on the surface, is the largest organ of the body, is composed by the multilayer structure. The outermost is the stratum corneum, from 5-10 layers of dead flat non-nuclear cells that are staggered, already dehydrated and, therefore, the stratum corneum is very tough. In addition, it layers of film on the surface of another. These barriers even the water molecule is also very difficult to — — even if you soak in the pool all day and still thirsty.

Of course, with some of the stratum corneum thinner areas as well as the skin of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands and sweat, such as skin structure, still has the capacity to absorb substances from the outside world.

In a number of animal experiments, researchers observed a soluble calcium salt via mouse abdominal skin is slowly absorbed.The adoption of new technology, we can add Pearl powder particle size control in 100 nm, and the diameter of a human skin pores have been comparable to facilitate absorption of Pearl powder composition. However, calcium carbonate is an extremely difficult to dissolve in the water of substances, even though the percutaneous inside the body, calcium is unable to form the ion status, still will not be able to play its physiological functions.

Hard horny protein is the Pearl of the other main components, content is approximately 2% ~ 8%.

The nail is hard horny protein. In the tradition of Pearl powder production process, we usually take the Pearl in the water boiling days until it softens the water directly into the ground or water pearls with Crusher broken after the ball in the Shui State crushed, last baking. This process is not on the various components of Pearl powder for additional processing, hard horny protein to be absorbed through skin is impossible.

In recent years, as technology advances, the Pearl of acid solution and enzymatic gradually mature.

In the process, hard horny protein is broken down into small molecule amino acids. Some researchers, decomposition products contain dozens of amino acid composition. In contrast, the transdermal absorption of amino acids is relatively easy, but these are the amino acid absorption and not directly to the skin cells. Therefore, rely on external Pearl powder absorbs the amino acid to achieve the effect of the "beauty", is somewhat thankless, in order to achieve this kind of nutrition of the skin, not as good as eating a few eggs.

Pearl of trace elements contained are also often become the "beauty" gimmick.

These elements in their play an important role, however, and the other constituents of Pearl powder, trace uptake efficiency also exists. Moreover, there is nothing in the Pearl rare components, as long as you do the diet, we can trace the adequate intake.There was no need to arms, with Pearl powder.

□ Japan color reference (PhD in cell biology)

Shark why laugh?

Shark why laugh?

Yatesi (left) of the "smile shark" also help him to win a grand prize of photography.

Figure/CFP

In the summer of 2007, amateur photography enthusiasts yatesi (BruceYates) in Caribbean filming short Kiss lemon sharks.

In the photographs, yatesi found the shark swing to the right of the standard 45-degree angle pose, staring eyes grinned, very crafty.

Shark why laughing? this is really bad answer, because laughing scientist (gelotologist) were men and why you want to laugh funny answer to that is not a consensus.

Don't laugh, laugh learn really (gelotology) so a science in itself. Readers may disdain, people why laugh? Le chant! this is actually worse, laugh in fact also very complex.

Laughing without teeth are basic etiquette.

In fact, most of the mammals of the "language", was threatening open teeth or attacks signal. Wolves often do, dog will lift the upper lip, low head toothy, Binaural protraction.

Study on baby tell us that our first laugh about 3-4 months, but the object must be laughing her mother.

While laughing? want cannot speak little milk children laughing, 100 on accurate way is to put her/him throw up caught again. Catch Tickle meat is what it is from an unknown touch brings fear, then found however harmless acquaintances arm lifting of fear. Own Flex? unless you imagination too rich, you will not create fear; stranger? that's sexual harassment, fear will not be released. No fear, no smile.

Other animals will not be laughing? this depends on how you define.

Zoologists were discovered and we similar to several large primates have similar laugh response. Chimpanzees and orangutans "long-range Tickle meat" distribution is very similar to human beings: they like Flex armholes and belly. As a result of these apes of vocal cord structure is not the same as with humans, so they can only be God laughs, it's a little voice? Please recall the life of the big bang "Sheldon laughter ...

In 2005, the United States for three animal behavior scientist published an article entitled "play dog laughter evoked rescue stations dog pressure release related behavior".

These three they think dog laughter audio, to those who have been helping poor dog listening to the results of the dogs have heard back to the other dog in the room, make the dog's head in called "play of the bow" of the action. Joy is infectious, the dog also know. Dog laughter is what? than usual wheezing sound even more rapidly, like "Hei Hei Hei Hei", raising a dog friends understand.

In fact, the smile of animals far more than you think "low-level".

In 2003, two other United States biologists published papers the smile rat and human pleasure of evolutionary "shows us a cute little animals: they are addicted to tickling, rough-and-tumble smile. This animal is mouse, they laugh we hear that ultrasound.

Even so, I can bet that those two sharks at the beginning of the show is a kind of "Obama-smile" — just look laugh.

In fact, we were too easily that look like things that make laugh. Such as dolphins, the creator gave their innate upwards, making the corners of the marine mammal moderate image. In fact, not only sexual promiscuity into dolphins, but like indiscriminate. But in the minds of the Dolphin still smiling Angel.

□ Lean camel (Shandong animal researchers)

A congenital heart disease in children's "wild mother"

Brows to understand " sopher" some time ago, the national media around "wild mother" Chen Rong cut liver saving child events feeling great maternal love.

This mother love inevitably reminds me in our hospital, a trifle.

Some time ago, my city of charity raised funds to help a group come from poor families in the treatment of children with congenital heart disease.

Congenital heart disease is due to heart and great vessels in embryo developmental disorders arising in the course of, the location, connection of exception, thus allowing the blood flow problems, ranging from impact quality of life is bad.

As a local maximum of children's Hospital, where I am in hospital number distant children with congenital heart disease than other hospitals.

So the message is sent out, out-patient or wards, consulting the parents more clearly. However, in the audit process is also very strict. First of all, the more common in children with congenital heart disease, according to statistics, each year the national about 20 000 children are born with congenital heart disease, half of them children require surgical treatment, but for various reasons each year only 4 000-5 000 children have the opportunity to receive the operation. Secondly, for various reasons, similar to the charity usually will focus where the disease is relatively light, cure grasp larger children, that is, as far as possible ensure that the "save a live one." Therefore, although there are many parents to their children do consulting, but considerable part because not in conformity with the relevant conditions and disappointed to leave. Even some parents to return several times, hoping to seize this opportunity to save their child.

The mother is the second time to the hospital asked about this matter.

Yesterday came over, and today again but also with children. She squatted in off-site activities boards, from top to bottom close racing everyword was afraid to miss little details — — their mothers can be lifesaving for details.

"Really sorry.

" I said, in fact, the same thing yesterday said it again," you can see, the scope includes only a few of the local district or County, you're not in range, I really do, but ... "watch this despair of his mother, I did not finish.

Really do not have the heart to tell her that, in fact, the child is not a simple type of congenital heart disease patients.

He had a includes four types of pathology of relatively complex congenital heart disease — "tetralogy of fallot." This type not only surgery mortality rates much higher than ordinary CHD, costs are also higher.

"Our children can live?" she kept asking.

I know, in fact, the same problems she may have been asked countless other doctor, maybe she would like someone to tell myself that the child even if not operation also can live ... I asked the other doctor heuristically. She answered: "child 4 years old, we confirmed. At that time, the doctor said our children without surgery live but for 3 years. But now he has 8 years old, is always pneumonia. "While watching strike again.

This child is 8 years old, you can look up that is 6 years old, very thin.

His face is green the color purple, the lips like Eggplant skin. This is because his heart in the right half without blood oxygenation, not after lung and direct flow to the left half of the heart and through the aorta to the body, blood, into the many restore hemoglobin, resulting in cyanosis. Sooner or later appear under cyanosis, can roughly predict "tetralogy of fallot," the patient's natural history. The child is born soon after the emergence of cyanosis. Theoretically, he could grow to 8-year-old already does. See now the State knew, his remaining days should have been. Even if now someone gave them a sum of money to complete the operation, the children also had to miss the best surgicaltime, postoperative survival chances are extremely slim. However, in the face of a near collapse of his mother, I really don't know what to say ... However, the mother is still not willing to give up hope, stop every walk her doctor, attempt to recover for their own children a future.

In fact, similar tragedies every year in our part of the family, untreated various congenital heart disease in children in approximately 60% to die within 1 year of age.

Unfortunately, humans are still not fully explains the causes of congenital heart disease. It may be associated with intrauterine infection (such as kosac virus), pregnant women taking anti-cancer drug, alcohol, etc, thus strengthening the health of pregnant women to avoid and the number of risk factors is also the only every couple can do "prevention". Obviously, this does not solve all problems.

On the Web to "CHD" to search for keywords, you will find many charities are committed to helping these poor children and their families.

However, in the face of large numbers of poor children with congenital heart disease, the limited funds still just a drop in the bucket.

□ Li morning (Heilongjiang)

A flow of vaccine really useful?

<p> immune vaccination in full swing expert three questions about safety issues related to the vaccine <wbr> Beijing News "knowledge Weekly" <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> pharmaceutical companies are stepping up production now a vaccination, .meet the needs of more people vaccinated. .Figure / CFP <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> Now, organizations across the country are in the vaccine work. .Beijing also has expanded the scope of the vaccine, as long as people living resident to work in Beijing, with the ID card are entitled to free vaccination. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> At the same time, in the Chinese Internet, on the various rumors that the vaccine more up gradually: the proliferation of the vaccine led to a stream; hit vaccines .more likely to get sick; the doctors themselves are not the vaccine ... ... "A vaccine is playing or not?" Many people are beginning to face such a problem. .We may wish to work together to understand what the real situation of the vaccine. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> 1 vaccine theory </ P> <p> What is the vaccine? .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> before the vaccination, this is our first question should know: injected into our bodies, what is it? .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> ordinary seasonal flu vaccine has been a lot of years. .To create a vaccine against the virus, a virus must first, with these viruses to produce vaccines. .Although influenza vaccine is made from the virus, but which is not the "toxic", more precisely, with little or no potential to spread toxic power of the virus. .Its main purpose is to produce antibodies in the human body. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> influenza viruses can be divided into "live" and "death" of the two, known as the "live virus (attenuated, live attenuated) vaccine" and " .toxic death (Against Drugs, cracking) vaccine. " ." A serpent's fangs you pull it, the poison sac removed, but the snake is a snake." Huang Union Medical College professor of epidemiology at the beginning of the name for example, "attenuated vaccine, the virus is still complete, but toxicity .reduce it. "</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p>" the menace of the vaccine is equivalent to a section of the snake hacked, and to break the virus, and then made to produce effective antibodies .protein to make the vaccine. "These proteins are antigens, into the vaccine will be based on protein antigens of human antibodies. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> live vaccine and the dead have their own pros and cons of vaccines, live vaccines can often lead to comprehensive immunity, the immune effect of better and longer protection period, .because the live vaccine still has reproductive capability, so no big dose vaccination can reduce the cost, however, must be attenuated live vaccine, technology requirements are relatively high, but, in recent years as the development of molecular immunology, can be achieved in the .gene level, the level of removal of pathogenic virulence factors. .Died vaccine safety is high, but it must increase the dose and frequency of vaccination, so the cost is relatively expensive. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> informed the Ministry of Health, the Chinese all the vaccine is the menace of vaccine. .In the world, the production of the vaccine in different ways the same. .Chinese and European pharmaceutical companies have joined in the vaccine adjuvant in the adjuvant with the assistance of each vaccine can reduce the amount of dead virus, which vaccine viruses with limited vaccine use in more. .The United States has not yet approved the use of adjuvant. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> Influenza H1N1 influenza joint prevention and control mechanism of the Expert Committee Zhao Kai, head of the vaccine after receiving the CCTV interview, academician, said that in July, China's vaccine experts .was facing a "whole virus" or "cracking" vaccine, is "adjuvanted" vaccine doses such as the choice of 8 kinds of problems, and finally they chose a higher degree of security "adjuvanted split vaccine." .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> fact, a flu vaccine in China in terms of variety, because it is the menace of the vaccine, the virus is broken, it is "dead", .is not toxic and, therefore, does not exist because the vaccine virus replication reproduction, resulting in expansion of the causal logic of risk of illness linked. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> "vaccine will stimulate the body to increase immunity against the virus, rather than the body is more susceptible to H1N1 influenza." World Health Organization (WHO) China immunohistochemistry .Office immunization project team leader Lisa Carnes (LisaCairns) said. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> 2 production process </ P> <p> Why use eggs? .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> notice informed the vaccine, especially those who are allergic to eggs can not be referred to the vaccine. .Eggs, food and a flow of such a relationship between the virus it? .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> "influenza viruses grow well in eggs and the eggs easier to get." Kearns said. .Virus and species assigned to the enterprise, they need to be amplified, the egg is to cultivate influenza viruses perfect "mother." .According to the officials after the introduction of qualified researchers will poison the bird seed inoculated into chick embryo sac fluid, over 48-72 hours of harvest, then the killing virus (inactivated) process, after that, and then chemically .the virus break, and then purified, to separate useful components from viral antigens, and finally the sterilization filter, derived vaccine stock solution, diluted, and finally distributed into vaccines. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> is not only a flow of vaccine, in fact, all types of influenza virus vaccines are from WHO. ." Every year, we have to decide what kind of influenza vaccine viruses used in vaccines, we must ensure that the use of the vaccine virus is closest to the current global epidemic of influenza virus type." Kearns said. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> many people worry that usually last for a long time the vaccine development, preclinical testing and clinical trials, several steps are reduced, safety is not guaranteed. ." In fact, as you eat the moon cake, this red bean paste, fruit filling next year is another filling it. Although the virus is new, but the technology is old, new wine into old bottles only." Huang said. .Carnes also said that the virus is a pandemic influenza virus, the vaccine is based on mature production technology of seasonal influenza vaccine production, but because the virus only. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> However, our researchers are so fast on the development, production out of the vaccine, there is a very important reason is that producers in the drug .strains sent to do long before the production preparation, such as the approval process, the authorities also adopted a focus on the country's top vaccine expert and other experts with Chinese characteristics, a unified action to work effectively. .In addition, the vaccine is a very important quantitative aspect of the vaccine in China in the WHO experts have not yet sent the quantitative standard time to explore and look for an alternative to standard materials and methods, early quantitative antigen. ." Just as no weights of, to find items to replace the weights of the same." Previously, Zhao Kai, said in an interview, the group of four age groups, 13,000 volunteers, test, test every pin is 15 micrograms or whether the .30 micrograms, is a shot or two needles. .Subsequently, the group received the standard and then to check, test error of only 3% of all valid and accurate results, which means finding alternative methods adopted standards, and ultimately, the group found that a needle that is 15 micrograms .effective. .The significance of this figure is significant, it means the same limited time to produce more vaccine. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> 3 validity </ P> <p> vaccines really work? .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> "If you want to make the vaccine two months ago, I might hesitate, and now the vaccine if available, I will go." Popular science writer .lean camel immunology researchers said, "It now appears that very few adverse reactions, should be safe." </ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, stressed that the effectiveness of the vaccine .3 the overall population over the age of immune protection generated 85% or more. ." You can be interpreted as 85 100 people can protect individuals, but also can be understood as 100 people playing with 15 people did not play as well." Huang said. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> "a lot of people playing the vaccine, but thought he got a flow so that there is a reason." Kearns said, "including pandemic influenza .including vaccines, no vaccine is 100% effective, but they will greatly reduce the risk of disease. "flu vaccine to take effect 14 days after inoculation, the vaccine 1-3 days prior to infection, or injection .Soon after the same soon infected with the virus will get sick. .In addition, some thought he was suffering from a stream of inoculation, theremay in fact just got other influenza or common cold it got. ." All of these cases, people may think that vaccines do not protect them, or the vaccine caused the disease, but these conclusions are wrong." </ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> at press ., China has more than 2,100 people were vaccinated, 1,100 million people prior injection, 15 cases were reported in patients with severe adverse reactions. .Moreover, the causes were noted, there are two cases in the vaccine died after inoculation of the report, the preliminary judging, the first deaths judged as sudden cardiac death, and the vaccine does not matter, yet the second deaths .autopsy report released. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> this, Carnes said, generally speaking, the number of vaccine recipients in China particularly large, so many people vaccinated is difficult to rule out some .inoculated in the hours or days after inoculation death. .This is because some of the inoculation itself with some health problems, such as heart disease and so on. .In other countries, such as Sweden, also had died after inoculation of the vaccine situation. .According to WHO released on November 19 report, so far, a comprehensive inspection of all the deaths have been reported have shown that a flu vaccine did not have a direct link. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> "Overall, we are now known is that the basic safety of the vaccine is no more dangerous than other influenza vaccines, safety is no problem ., no final conclusion validity, theory is useful. "Huang said:" The state is based on voluntary, informed and free to the provision of vaccines, not forced, and every person will make a play based on their own situation .or not to fight the judge. "<wbr> </ P> <p> 【link】 </ P> <p> about influenza viruses </ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> </ P .> <p> micrographs of influenza virus. .Figure / CFP </ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> influenza pandemic virus is a virus. .Three kinds of influenza viruses: A type (influenza A), B-type (B) and C (HCV), three different antigen is distinct from the nuclear material. .A type influenza virus can cause infection in humans and animals, resulting in less severe disease, B-type influenza virus type A disease caused by a moderate than that, and only people are infected, C-type influenza virus is rarely cause disease in humans. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> we know the word of H1N1, H and N represent the surface of influenza virus type A two important antigens: hemagglutinin (H, haemagglutinin .) ceramide antigen and the enzyme (N, neuraminidase), under which, H antigen and N antigen were H1, H2, H3, and N1, N2 several subspecies. .</ P> <p> <wbr> </ P> <p> Dr. Carnes explained, H and N fickle, lead to different types of viruses, these changes become "antigenic drift" (antigenicdrift), usually every 10 .to 40 years, the virus will be presented by the major surface antigens of these changes are likely with different antigens of influenza A virus genes and changes, if major changes occurred antigen, it means that most of the people .no immunity to influenza virus, the epidemic occurred. .A stream is a new virus that people have no immunity. .</ P> <p> edition have written / reporter Kim Yu </ P>.

Hua Mulan how with Rouran?

Hua Mulan how to sign Rouran?

Beijing News the new knowledge weekly film Mulan depiction of war that took place in the Northern Wei and Rouran. Figure /CFP in film Mulan, Mulan army, took part in the Northern Wei and Rouran between a war. So, what kind of Rouran is a northern nation, why want to battle?

Rouran ethnic ancestry, is said to be Xianbei Tuoba's copied a swept-capture slaves from, because there is hair, his master gave him the name "wood bone Lu", translated into Chinese is bald.

Later, pronunciation and correct into "Yu long Lu", became the wangxing Rouran. Bald wood bone Lu in order to escape criminal responsibility into vast, gradually become fashionable again. To its child car deer will generation, has a small tribe mobei, self, "Rouran." After several generations, the Northern Xiongnu Rouran beat, high vehicle Department, became dominant in the North, and threats to the desert South of Northern regime. Extension of the Northern Wei emperor batao sick too Rouran, renamed it as "squirming", meaning that stupid, disgusting of worms. In the southern history as "the Rouran Rui Rui" and "ruru". According to the Japan historian White Bird library at its masterpieces of the East Lake national examination, "Rouran" with subsequent documents recorded in Mongolia, "Zen" semantic Xue, means "a wise and clever."

Mulan army story happened in a.d. 425 years.

Extension of the Northern Wei emperor too batao 16 years reigned only 22 years old at this time. He forces measly in facing the South Song dynasty is subject to the decision under the threat of invasion of Rouran Northern Expedition. This war has fully demonstrated the extension batao military genius. He divided into Eastern and Western road, soldiers from the territorial host out of Montenegro, the life of King Sun-Hon-ping West Road, big e Hill will blow in Mongolia States Harald today and forest nearby Rouran Khan.

p>

The Magnolia speech "wrote" Dan speech Yeh mother go, hostel yellow edge, "Dan remarks, yellow go to Montenegro head", should be the extension batao host into line.

The capital city of the Northern Wei Dynasty, namely today is Ping Cheng, Datong, Shanxi. The host takes the diameter Inner Mongolia baotou Guyang County kundulun Groove, this is the crossing of the North barrier military yin. Sun-Hon's West West Road line straight to the big e Hill that although corresponds to today's names are also unknown, but it can be surmised around should have too much Yin Shanxi-end. Two road from both ends of the Yin prong. From the Cosmos to baotou, Yellow River is necessary. The "head" immediately in Montenegro is the yinshan mountain range, in the main peak. In the ancient Chinese in the "green" have expressed the meaning of "black", and in Mongolia in yin "Dalan Laka Laka la", "La" is "black". Shizai extension batao April gengyin, driving the Northern Expedition, may reach monan dingwei edge, only 17, and the words "Magnolia" Dan's evening-"description of basic features.

The poem also wrote "not smell Yeh mother call girl, but smell Yanshan Hu riding Ming hush."

Here today is not a Yan yan, rather short, 1895 yanranshan Mongolia country-love the mountains. During the Northern Expedition, "Le Douxian Ming yan so" is here. Starting from the Huns, the North of the powerful national number in this Court, as in the nearby Mongolia Khanates are prepared and the forest, just hang love Shandong-end. History of the North · squirming biography "said:" too Wu margin over water chestnut, westbound douxian Han will therefore base. " Proof of the Magnolia speech on" Yanshan Hu ride ". From Datong-Jara and forest, its almost the equivalent of a straight line distance from Shanghai to Beijing in October of that year, but to the Northern army would triumph Pingcheng, this really is an amazing war.

In fact, Mulan joined the army, will appear in the

North it is astonishing coincidence. Women tend to be the masters of the North, to avoid publicity for her husband's career had a son. From a poem about can infer, Mulan comes from the Northern Wei Dynasty, "junhu" ten years of the so-called "Monty" and "peer back 12 years" shall refer to the northern end of the six towns such as Northern Huaishuo frontiers of time. These soldiers attack generation phase, in the aristocratic family of Magnolia speech "is the legendary hero, but in the history of not far away, they became the Cavalry of the Northern Wei Dynasty. gravedigger

□ Wang Xiao Xiong (Shanghai Linguistics doctoral)

Cold medicine Raiders

Cold medicine Raiders

Beijing News weekly of the new knowledge

The flu is a respiratory infection that is caused by a virus.

Note: now that the cold is caused by a virus, so antibiotics on it is invalid, because antibiotics can kill the bacteria. Web-wide dissemination of the so-called "cold medication guide" contains a lot of so-called "anti-inflammatory drugs", they are antibiotics. In the treatment of influenza in the use of antibiotics, does not effect any treatment, and may increase the side effects and drug resistance of intestinal bacteria, harmful non-profits. Even in the cold of a bacterial infection that required the use of antibiotics, must also be used by doctors to decide what to do, should not be used on its own. At the same time, the cold is a self healing disease, cold medicine almost only symptomatic. This makes the "cold does not take medicine" has become a fully viable option.

Common cold medicine in General is following components of such a combination of:

● Antipyretic analgesics

This class of drugs for mainly cold fever, sometimes with pain and reduces inflammation.

Common antipyretic with aspirin, acetaminophen (paracetamol).

Children and young people if you are using aspirin fever, a rare but fatal adverse reactions (Shwe Yi syndrome).

Therefore children choose the contaminated avoid aspirin. Overall, this class of drugs is not suitable for long-term use, if you own at home in a few days later, no better, please be sure to go to the hospital for treatment.

● Anti-allergic drugs

In the cold, the body produces can cause allergic reactions of substances, which causes such as the nose, itchy, runny nose, sneezing, and other similar allergy symptoms.

Therefore, in the cold medicine often add anti-allergic drugs to alleviate these symptoms.

Commonly used such drugs have si

de effects that sleepiness, ate it inevitably a whirl. Therefore, the need for dangerous driving or operation (aerial work, handling machinery, high performances and the like), please do not use contain allergenic ingredients of drugs so as to avoid accidents. Some cold medicine into two tablets, day and night, which may "not sleepy" the secret of success also lies in the removal of the allergenic ingredients, but the symptoms are not relieved.

● Reduced congestion charge

In a cold, we often feel that the nose without ventilation, this is because the nasal mucosa of the small arteries in patients with swelling, makes the nasal mucosa are swollen, which caused the nose without ventilation.

And minus CHF medicine can let vasoconstriction become thin, so as to reduce the swelling, the breath becomes smooth.

Cold medicine reduce hyperemia in popular medicine is pseudoephedrine.

Read the u.s. drama the fatal virus ' of people know that it can be misused to synthetic ice. So before you make a lot of heated discussions of "cold medicine prohibited order" for it. Hypertension medication containing pseudoephedrine cold medicine must be careful, it can also cause blood pressure to rise.

• Cough medicine

Cold and cough syrup and cough class in the usual Western drug is dextromethorphan.

This is a directly through the hub system inhibits the cough cough medicines, on a variety of works. Role to the central system of drug master gives off Ecstasy far-fetched feeling, but of dextromethorphan and not everyone might worry about addictive behavior, according to the statement of the correct use is sufficiently secure.

Another kind of cough medicine codeine is not so safe.

Codeine is only one more than morphine methyl groups, but also in human body there are 10% will go into morphine. Therefore, codeine absolutely will not appear in the cold medicine.

In addition to these major components, some cold medicine also contains some antiviral medicines, caffeine, medicines, etc.

These components function are not particularly important.

Taking cold medicine, most issues are preventing repeat medication.

Different brands of cold medicine, constituents of overlap a lot, some, or even just name, exactly as contained components. This means that if you also take several cold medicine, it is easy to cause certain components of the amount exceeding the safety limits for the taking. In addition, children should try to use drugs for children with special medicines, or read the instructions in the instructions on the use of children, will present a great risk.

Finally, these drugs can cause allergies — anti-allergic drugs is no exception.

If you use find manual has no description, symptoms, the exception may be caused by drugs, allergies, you should stop the medicine and went to the hospital.

□ Palace Jue (Peking University)

Biologists leading illustration trend

Promoting Darwinism named thousands of species, the nature of art forms on the impact of the "new art movement" biologists leading illustration trend sea Kerr

This year marks the 200th anniversary of Darwin, the origin of species published 150 anniversary, but few people know that this year or in another prominent evolutionary biologist sea Kerr's 90th anniversary Memorial Day.

Talk about life in rich colors, sea Kerr in no less favourable than Darwin. Only the following two points can make sea Kerr was going on: first, the sea Kerr was because the "embryonic repeated figure" for the accused to court; second, the sea Kerr is a distinguished artist ever.

1 a real all-round talent

1834, 16 February, Ernst · sea Kerr (ErnstHaeckel) was born in Prussia in Potsdam.

He grew up in the final of the "all-round", a title more frightening: eminent biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician and Professor of art; once identified, described and named by thousands of new species, draws including all life forms of evolution tree; to create a few widely used in biology, including the doors of the word (Phylum), phylogenetics (phylogeny), ecology (ecology) and protozoa (Protista), etc. He also worked in Germany promotion of Darwin's theory of evolution, and development has been plagued by controversy "embryonic repeated theory." He published the "pure art" works includes over 100 pieces of various animal color illustrations. As a philosopher, he wrote at the end of the 19th century philosophical works of the mysteries of the universe ", the" world of mysteries "(worldriddle) into English fixed phrases, while another book of the scientific and teaching free" support for Darwin's theory. To commemorate this distinguished figures in the United States Nevada a 4090 m high mountain peak is named "sea Kerr peak." New Zealand also has a sea-Kerr, 2941 metres high. 12323 asteroid was named the "sea Kerr."

Sea Kerr or the world's first use of the "battle" of the word.

In 1914, at the beginning of World War II, he is the Indiana Awa Feliz Star Tribune writes: "there is no doubt that the ' European wars ' causes and characteristics of the decision it will become the first world war". However, the word did not pay attention, this war has been called the "European war" or "wars". Until 1931, when another shadow of World War II, the people began to make extensive use of the "battle" of the word.

2 is the scientists who are artists

Sea Kerr is a "workaholic".

In 1852, he studied in Berlin, and received a PhD in medicine, medical license. Sea Kerr a contact to the suffering of patients, they realize that they are not fit to be a doctor. So he again in Jena University for three years and got a PhD in zoology and became Professor of comparative anatomy of the school. In this capacity he worked for 47 years, until 1909. 1859 to 1866, sea Kerr studied many types of invertebrates, including Radiolaria, sponge, annelids, etc. In the meantime, the sea Kerr named thousands of new species. In 1866, the sea, in the United Kingdom of Kent ha (DownHouse) saw Darwin, the origin of species "has been published for seven years. This sea Kerr's ideas have had a significant impact. In 1906, Kerr has established an alliance called "monism, preaching" Organization of his philosophical and political beliefs. The Organization continued until 1933, the Organization has many talents, including the 1909 Nobel Chemistry Prize winner of Oswald (WilhelmOstwald). In 1915, the death of his wife gave him a great fight, he became very weak, and died in 1919.

In photography is widely used, painting is the basic skill of biologists, named thousands species of sea Kerr course Han on this road.

But the sea Kerr pictures much more than the expression and idea, in his view, biology, in many ways similar to the art. Symmetry in nature,especially the beautiful image of radiolarians on his artistic talent with great inspiration. Whether in his academic works, or in scientific works are equipped with beautiful illustrations, reflects biological extremely beautiful. His painting influenced the early 20th century art movement of the "new". The campaign advocates the use of highly stylized natural element, the style of the most important characteristics is full of vitality, wave and flow of lines, traditional decoration is also full of life, like the natural growth from plants. Many top artists such as the famous Austrian Nebbia · Burleigh denzler has been the impact of the new art movement.

Today, the sea Kerr morphological outline code and the code of a phylogenetic studies have rarely mentioned, however his illustrations summarize the nature of art forms (Artforms of Nature) but long pin, is the world's biological lovers.

Sea turtle Kerr's eyes, lizards, disc jellyfish head and sea anemones class of animals.

3 the "repetition" is the trial of embryos

Sea Kerr's "embryonic recapitulation" diagram.

Art and science of the mind are often contradictory.

Sea Kerr in scientific research there artists often have problems — arbitrary。 He, in the absence of evidence that can be directly applied to biology. the sociology of His doctrine often appear racist views, for example in the morphology of the outline, he said: "the high and low, the difference between a person and more than low-discrepancy between the high animal. " Similar view was later some Nazi theorist utilization.

In fact, the sea is not strict, darwinists, he also some believe la Mark's theory that some acquired genetic sexuality is able to, but this theory is the apparent lack of evidence.

The scientists think that the words with nice sea Kerr's theory are lacking, some "Overlord arch". In fact, he's perspectives for contemporary biological and sociological research is wrong.

Sea Kerr's most controversial theory is the "repetition" on the embryo.

Sea Kerr thinks a biological process of embryonic development is its ancestor of the lineage of repeating itself. His theory is considered a "strong repeated theory." There is a recurrence of the "weak", that biological embryo development just inherited the embryonic development of their ancestors. Comparison of scientists now accepts the "weak repeated theory" sea Kerr's "strong repeated theory" was thought to be too simplistic.

Sea Kerr had once because schematic intentionally modify some embryos form in 1868 by Jena University Court trials, and was five professors found guilty "forgery".

He acknowledged that a small part of the embryo diagram is a fake, but that was only in the absence of evidence to fill the "missing link". At trial, the sea Kerr admitted that he had changed the sketch in the original form, but also said, "I should be blamed, but should blame there are hundreds of best observers and biologists. Most of the morphology, Anatomy, histology and embryology of the charts is not entirely true to nature, how many have modify and rebuild. ”

In "the origin of species", Darwin a repetition of the "embryo" as evolution on one of the important evidence.

In his view, because the embryo in development through forms will not be eliminated by natural selection, so animal embryo development occur and foetus similar forms of our ancestors. Such as Gill for mammals, useless, but mammals in a stage of embryonic development still appear branchial cleft, a mammal is fish evolved powerful evidence.

Online there is a well-known saying: we saw in the secondary school textbooks "embryonic repeated figure" is false, in fact, there is no evidence of Darwinism.

However, the repeat of the "embryo" is the sea chart Kerr's works. Sea Kerr repeated "embryo" is now considered "simplistic", but Darwin's embryology was evidence does not break down. Human fetal development in fish of the branchial arch is the simple fact that Darwinism can this phenomenon for convincing explanation. Therefore, the original is not a true believer in Darwin harbour Kerr errors to rebut Darwinism is a bit of a "donkey lips wrong horse mouth."

This version of the author/reporter Liu Zheng

Guinea Pigs may never engage in "tegongdui"

Guinea-formation of the "scientific research" supercop real Guinea pig clumsy, thanks to a secret to a good this fact very difficult.

This winter, Disney to global children's gift is just a "rat" secret service.

The Guinea pig tegongdui "story quite old. If the audience is ingenuous not deep, the children, it should not be concerned about it.

"Guinea pig" in the hero tegongdui is, of course, the Guinea pig.

Guinea-the name translation is good, because it's dual-name method Caviaporcellus names, with words from Latin, meaning porcellus is pig; genus name is derived from Cavia's indigenous languages of South America, the mean is the mouse. In fact, we are more familiar with its popular name — Netherlands pigs.

Scientists have discovered that it had at least three species produced in the South American Andes of wild animal origin.

This means it is the South American Andes of unremitting and long-term training results. Existing archaeological evidence indicates that, as early as 5000 years b.c., became a human Guinea pig "livestock", the first such animals as predators exist. Although the Guinea pig head is very small, mature Guinea pig weight 1 kg, however, they are easily managed, depend on the person can live leftovers have, therefore, won the local favorite.

Guinea pigs and the "new world" of most animals, until after the 16th century as the rest of the world.

That year was brought back to the European colonizers of Guinea Pigs very lucky. Since the beginning, sailors is animals live as "sausage" keeps on board. Available to European, Guinea transformed into various sectors of the little girl had the most beloved pets. In addition to the easy way out appearance, tame the "personality" is it the most important reasons for popularity. And those in the film agility agents may be quite different, in real life, in addition to the Guinea pig clumsy twisted bums trots outno escape techniques. As long as the cage of the edge over their standing height, these stupid guy can't escape — even cage didn't cover.

In addition, although the Guinea pig is a relatively noisy animals, but if you're not being upset, listen to them cry of "mild" quite comfortable.

Not familiar with their people first heard the voice of Guinea Pigs are likely to mistakenly believe that a bird call. Guinea pig recipes with rabbit similar, basically vegetarian, a variety of grass and vegetable leaves are its favorite. Their food intake is very large, four Guinea pig just a day of work to do in a whole cabbage. Eat more natural of Lazarus, fortunately they are going to smell less strong than mice and Hamster that sharp going to fresh now.

Guinea Pigs are also won the scientists.

Guinea pigs to Europe less than 100 years, scientists marby-Italy (MarcelloMalpighi) began system Anatomy of Guinea Pigs. Want to know at the time, Harvey discovered human blood circulation is not long, vivisection animals and be done with this system of genomic or stem cells are the same, the frontiers of frontier. 1661, marby base found capillaries, unbuttoned Harvey "arterial blood gone" and "venous blood from where it came. 200 years later, my two "strategist" Pasteur (LouisPasteur) and Ke El (RobertKoch) have spent large amounts of Guinea Pigs do microbes and immune pioneering experiments. Guinea Pigs are microbiologists and Immunology home best experimental animals. Because the Guinea pig on diphtheria, anthrax, tuberculosis, herpes, cholera and other highly susceptible and symptoms and the like. Moreover, the Guinea pig is the most easiest allergy a class animal, every year the world's Medical College in hundreds of thousands of Guinea pig sacrifice.

Here, I pray, mad scientists can never put these little guys training into powerful secret service, otherwise the Faculty may have to suffer.

□ Lean camel (Shandon

g biological researchers)

Hyaluronic acid can really wrinkle?

Hyaluronic acid is used of road "as God used to manufacture of Adam and Eve's clay, many Hollywood actress if you do not have it, they may die.

" In the big S beauty King 2" in the hero "save us" it was none other than hyaluronic acid.

Hyaluronic acid (Hyaluronicacid, HA) a glassy uric acid, is a cosmetic advertising flyers.

1937, Columbia University, Professor Meyer in ophthalmology, for the first time in isolation in bovine vitreous has hyaluronic acid. In the subsequent study, scientists found that it is made from glucuronic acid and acetyl Glucosamine two Monosaccharides one another aggregating the noncyclic macromolecules polysaccharides. In aqueous solution, hyaluronic acid of sugar chains are horizontal in Crosslinking network, like a sponge, absorbing and keep large amounts of water.

In fact, hyaluronic acid is a natural component in the human body.

It is estimated that an adult's body contains about 15 grams of hyaluronic acid. It has played the most important function is the function of water. With age, hyaluronic acid. If the 20-year-old body hyaluronic acid relative content set to 100, 30, 50, 60 years old, this number decreased to 65, 45, 25. Skin also becomes rough and wrinkles.

When the wonderful effects of hyaluronic acid has been excavated, quickly became the incumbent "beauty."

Injection, topical and oral, is beauty with hyaluronic acid in three main ways.

Injectable hyaluronic acid in 2003 was beautiful and medicinal Bureau (FDA) approval for skin wrinkle.

In simple terms, is where you want to play with convex, and quick to act. More worthy of praise, as hyaluronic acid are body composition, biocompatibility. Injection of hyaluronic acid in the body to be slowly and original fusion of hyaluronic acid, then be slowly metabolism, each can be maintained for 6 months to 1 year. It is important to note that when used for injection must be selected high-purity products, otherwise the impurities is likely to trigger an immune response, but instead let users suffer negative consequences.

Hyaluronic acid moisturizing properties of the external-type of skin care products is also a large number of applications.

Some manufacturers even offer hyaluronic acid solution for consumers to use. Its density is high, generally after use without dilution. Working directly with a high concentration of the solution will not be played on facial skin moisturizing effects, but also because hyaluronic moisture absorption effect of moisture absorption to the original skin.

However, the injection of hyaluronic acid wrinkle is a result of physical effects.

External use, its molecules are almost not likely to be absorbed through skin and will not be able to play the role of the injection time. It's good for the skin provides a rich environment that can prevent the drying of the external environment on the skin of adverse effects from an objective point of view with anti-wrinkle effect, but for existing wrinkles, external effects of hyaluronic acid.

Some callouts containing hyaluronic acid components of health care products in the propaganda claimed the role of the "skin", the reason some oral intake of hyaluronic acid as the circulatory system located in the epidermis and DermIS, compensate for the lack of original; also some think after oral administration of products through the decomposition will increase when the precursors of hyaluronic acid synthesis, which increases skin Office content.

Former reason almost not worth refuting, hyaluronic acid-molecular-weight in hundreds of thousands of top and bottom, this giant molecules want distribution through the circulatory system by oral to skin is almost impossible.

The latter does not rely on the spectrum, hyaluronic acid decomposition and synthesis are complex biochemical processes, oral intake and body natural hyaluronic acid final degradation products are carbon dioxide and water. While the basic raw material-glucuronic acid and acetyl Glucosamine — Hyaluronan synthase of alternate connection. The two substances are derived from glucose. Synthetase activity and content is hyaluronic acid yield and low key. So, instead of taking it contains hyaluronic acid of health products, it is better to eat two large white bread — it may have made up of starch and glucose.

□ Japan color reference (Sichuan cell biology PhD)

Why do you think "astringent"?

"Why do you think?

astringent" Beijing News weekly of the new knowledge

Daily language often combined with the "bitter".

However, in fact, the "bitter" and "astringent" basically. The "bitter" is a kind of pure taste, from the tongue of taste cells feel. The "astringent" widely accepted definition is certain substances generated within the mouth dry, shrinkage. Can lead to "astringent" sense of many, one of the most common is called the "tannins". It in many plant foods are the most typical is a red wine and tea. Many have no ripe fruit contains a large number of persimmon tannin, for example. We use the "burn" to describe the immature, but it has a biological basis of knowledge.

We know what they can produce "astringent" know what they can affect the perception of the "investigation", but "astringent" what, scientists have not yet reached consensus.

There are experimental, and tannic acid oral epithelial cell direct action taken as a result of some neural responses. There are also some experimental investigation on the matter can be found like salt and acid that changes cell membrane potential, and later found to exist only on tannin responsive neurons. There is evidence that these scientists, astringent and bitter salty sweet and sour, is a kind of taste.

However, more people do not agree with this conclusion.

They think "astringent" is a kind of sense. Support for this view of direct evidence is lacking in the mouth taste receptor sites, still be able to sense the "investigation". Tannin into oral, and saliva protein binding generates insoluble sediment. Tannic acid and protein between this reaction accompanied by mouth tissue dehydration and permeability decreases. Further, they think this kind of reaction can cause shrinkage of salivary duct, or even close, resulting in a dry, contraction of "astringent" sense. But such a change, by the mouth of the mechanical sensors to perception.

r>

It should be said that the two theories is not sufficient, we cannot fully explain all the experimental phenomena.

For example, according to the theory, if you increase the sense of touch food of viscosity, then the same concentration of investigation on the matter of "investigation" will be reduced. Tannin is true, but some other investigation on the matter are not affected. "Astringent" what is it not that important, or go to look at something else, such as why do the same thing, some people find it very "astringent", some people don't feel so hard? someone studied the saliva in the protein content and investigation, found that the protein content of higher for less astringent for sensitive. Another study found that those words more people, more pleasure under investigation, but the duration will be slightly shorter, more weak intensity. In 2009, Italy scientists discover, saliva-recovery capabilities of this group of people more susceptible to Shibuya, the same concentration of tannins solution they would feel more "hard". Does this mean when your mouth more saliva, taste of the investigation is more light, but if you just have mouth rinse, saliva compare light so the taste of the investigation will be strong? everyone can try.

This is a wonderful evolution: plants contain tannin, immature fruit especially high in content, but many mammals you can feel "astringent" this bad taste.

This is a bit of a struggle against each other, mutual compromise. From today's situation, tannin is a kind of "anti nutritive substances", affect other nutrient absorption, intake also poisoning. This plant can be counted as a protection mechanism. For including people, many animals, the investigation has the role of the "warning" — "fruit has not matured," and "eat dangerous animal!", such as squirrels on tannin would not haughty, according to eat. While the birds, you simply can't to astringent sensations, but also can feel like eating eat. Perhaps in order to make your own seed spread farther, so plants prefer birds, it is also possible to eat seeds, bird deliberately evaded the astringent sensations ...

It should be noted that some studies found that there seems to be a certain amount of tannin health value — this becomes a business people advocating "tannin health".

However, even these beneficial effects are the final confirmation, it does not overturn the tannin those "anti nutrition" performance — this is just a matter of both sides.

Wine, especially red wine contains a large amount of tannin, it generated investigation is one of the characteristics of the wine.

Tea also contains a lot of tannin, tea is astringent. The existence of sugar can reduce investigation, so even if the tannin concentration, dry wine will be more than dessert wine astringent. Tea with sugar, can also reduce astringent sensations.

□ Cloud Centerless (United States Food Engineering doctorate)

"Mars life" with new evidence?

"Magnetic crystals" revealed traces of life, scientists mention extraterrestrials solar system biological discoveries

Beijing News weekly of the new knowledge

Meteorite ALH84001 (top) of the photo (below) shows that there may be life on it.

Figure/NASA

In 1996, the United States Air Space Agency (NASA) and the White House has posting this explosive message: in a piece of the Antarctic meteorites found on the "relic" of Mars, from where a sensation, but also led to the da Vinci Code "author ·

Dan · Brown wrote the scam of the novel. However, the news was subjected to a rebuttal, and soon no one mentioned again. 13 years, scientists have announced that he's new evidence that stone there lives on.

Martian meteorites in Antarctica

Once again become the focus of this stone in 1984, found in Antarctica Allen Hill, is named "Alan Hill (AllenHills, ALH) 84001" meteorites, scientists believe this stone is an asteroid or comet impact Mars, though from the Mars surface and into space.

It was floating in space, after 160 years around 1.3 years ago came to the Earth. This piece from the Martian crust falling rocks formed in billions of years ago, many experts believe that Mars has liquid water, and appropriate biological survival.

Shortly after the discovery of the meteorites, scientists have discovered a worm-like structure.

Scientists believe that these structures are Mars, insect fossils. Micrograph shows the meteorite has a slender body, much like life. But people's excitement didn't last long. Soon, scientists suspected meteorite is a biological pollution of the Earth. They also raised another possibility that rock surface from Mars avalanche when heat generated will be formed some mineral structure, these mineral structure be mistaken as a Microbe fossils.

Recently, NASA scientists in the past have not advanced high resolu

tion electron microscope with the assistance of a new study. This study by keprta (KathieThomas-Keprta) and is located at the Johnson Space Center in Houston's original class teams. Their findings indicate that there is life on meteorites.

In this study, the scientists focus on meteorites in a place called "magnetic crystals" small magnetic particles.

Magnetotactic bacteria into key

There are some on the Earth is called "magnetotactic bacteria" bacteria, body contains "magnetic crystals", the scientific community believe that bacteria rely on it to tell the direction.

Magnetotactic bacteria is in 1975 by Bo Lake Morris (RichardBlakemore) discovered that he called the collapse of Treponema pallidum (Spirochaetaplicatilis) bacteria found in the existence of the magnetic body. These bacteria under the microscope is always to set out on the side of the glass. Get a magnet near contains slide, bacteria to the magnet N extremely mobile. These bacteria are such conduct mainly because they can produce small, containing iron, magnetic small particles. Small and uniform particles, each particle, there are two poles. These bacteria are these small magnets into straight lines to form a magnet, they use this magnet as a compass to make your move in a direction along the Earth. Why move to extended geomagnetic? has the scientists think that magnetotactic bacteria are not very fond of oxygen, they needed from the oxygen-rich area to move to the oxygen-poor. In the water, the oxygen content as water depth increases, so magnetotactic bacteria like living on the bottom. They use magnetic compass tell which direction to yourself. In the northern hemisphere, and not only point to the North Pole, but also point to bevel, bacteria can pass along the magnetic field of the Arctic to the deep end of the movement. In the southern hemisphere, the magnetic field of the Antarctic is inclined, so in the southern hemisphere magnetotactic bacteria was "chasing the South".

If Mars Meteorite ALH84001 "" tiny magnets really and bacteria, they would form a stone on the unusual shape.

In addition, the scientists say, from chemical purity of perspective, this is more like a non-biological and geological phenomena.

United States Sierra Nevada College of PA kozlinski (DennisBazylinski) Professor review this article, submitted to the journal of the Institute of geochemistry and meteorite, "said:" I think this is a very good paper.

I think these magnetic meteorite crystals, it looks like from magnetic bacteria, which is the ancient Mars had existed as evidence of life. At first, I also suspect that this is a mistake. But now I have to admit, has no doubt. ”

However, kozlinski believes there is a big problem, these so-called "not necessarily" magnetic fossils in formed on Mars: "magnetic bacteria produce magnetic lens shape is unique, but the Mars meteorite magnetism of single crystal and bacteria on Earth created by the shape of magnetic crystals are very similar."

The "Europa" fish surfaced

Recently been broke out possible life of extraterrestrial environments is more than a Mars.

According to the United States National Geographic website reported that the United States some scientists recently discovered moons of Jupiter's Europa may far exceed the oxygen content of scientists previously estimated.

Europa-equatorial region's average temperature is about-163 ° c.

Scientists believe that the surface of the ice intro also has a liquid Ocean. In 1994, sectionPlanetologists inferred Europa has a layer to oxygen-thin atmosphere. Previously, scientists have speculated that in Europa liquid marine life may exist. Now, scientists estimate the Europa the oxygen content of the ocean, that value is the previous estimate of 100 times. United States Arizona University scientists Greenberg (RichardGreenberg) considers that, to the level of oxygen-containing, in theory, the Europa's marine life living in total reach 300 million tons of similar biological fish on Earth. He said: "is not to say that the Europa must exist on the life, but we do know that there exist to support the physical conditions of life. ”

However, now began to speculate about life on Europa evolve too early.

Want to really know the Europa on the real situation, the need for further research. Have scientists try to possible Europa depth exploration of design depth impact and wear ice robot.

Compilation/reporter Liu Zheng interns Ding Kai

"Prehistoric predators" eating dinosaur is the unusual thing

"Pig dog duck mouse" is in fact a crocodile, eat bar dinosaur is extraordinary things "prehistoric predators" collective debut

Beijing News weekly of the new knowledge

Celeno and he discovered ancient crocodile skull fossils, the Great Emperor crocodile, and can be placed in the hands of pet dogs crocodile.

Figure/CFP

Recently, the famous "fossil hunters" Paul · celeno announced five new prehistoric crocodile fossils like modern crocodile-like to lie in ambush their prey in the water like a duck-like in the water filtration, like a dog running around looking for food, even with the same as male wild boar Tusk to prey on other animals for food, including some dinosaurs.

1 fossil Hunter finds new crocodile

Professor, University of Chicago explorers celeno (PaulSereno) is the world's most famous "fossil Hunter".

His most important record is found in the early 21st century 12 m long, weight up to 8 tons of "Emperor crocodile". Celeno and partner, McGill University help Larsen (HansLarsson)-member group long-term in the Sahara desert looking for crocodile fossils. In order to collect the crocodile fossils, celeno and his team needs to stand up to 51 ° c of temperature, in a few months are live on dry food. Logistical supply very challenging. In 2000 a visit, for example, they have few truck, tool, tents, 5 tonnes of gypsum, 226 kg water and can support 5 months of other supplies into the Sahara desert.

Now the most dry and unfriendly in the Sahara desert in the Mesozoic era when climate humid, biological exuberance, various dinosaur activities here.

While celeno's group in recent years continuous here found 5 species live in 1 million years ago of ancient crocodile fossils, many fossils from the old beaten together on crocodile then and very busy. Their findings in a recent journal of biology of the biology of keys (ZooKeys) and the November issue of the National Geographic published. 21 November, the national geographic, channel more special broadcast on the crocodile eating dinosaur era.

Dog crocodile fossils.

Figure/CFP

2 occupy different environment location

In fact, the National Geographic channel program "is a purely" title "," crocodile eating dinosaur "isn't what the" news ".

Columbia University brussat study showed that now 2.51 billion years ago to 1.99 billion years ago, the ancestors of modern crocodile crocodile ankle early Dragon class and almost no dinosaur evolution speed differences, in other words, the dinosaurs are simply not the era of "boss", proceedings of the first Dragon class ankle but more powerful.

Newly discovered 5 crocodile new fossils still surprised that the scientific community, they varied morphology shows they have a wide variety of lifestyles, occupies a position of ecological systems.

The five new fossil of crocodile looks the most fierce is a place called "wild boar" crocodile crocodile.

Its height is 6 meters, with horns on his head, mouth and nose with armor, can be used as a sledgehammer blow its prey. Its most prominent features are three sets of dagger teeth can tear the flesh. It is clear that the "wild boar" alligator is one of the main food small dinosaurs. Patty crocodile is 6 meters in length, it has a pizza as thin and flat nose and scientist believes that it is in the water following motionless mouth wait a few hours, until the game into its mouth, and then use the pancake-like mouth "clip" live prey. There are three "little monsters", such as one-metre-long alligator "rat", four-legged ground that stood to insects and plants. It has a pair as the mouse-like large incisors, scientists think they used to dig out the food. The "duck crocodile" has a flat forward mouth, it will use that mouth in shallow everywhere find, filter for small fish and insects. Finally, the "dog" alligator, scientists think that it has a dog soft nose and also eat plants and insects, swimmer and running workhorse.

Duck crocodile's model.

Figure/CFP

Wild boar-proceedings of the model.

Figure/CFP

Larsen said: "we were surprised to be in the same place so many new species.

Each crocodile obviously have different menus, different behaviors that looked them to ecological systems have different masses, each with their own alligator sinensis have use of the surrounding environment. ”

3 brain smart and able to swim can run

Why these crocodile in 1 million years ago so busy? "

smart" may be one reason. Celeno use CT scans a duck crocodile and alligator's dog skull fossils, generate a digital model of the brain, also created the entity model. The result: the crocodile has a flat, scooped the forebrain, and now the brain health crocodile. Larsen said: "their brain function may be larger than are students crocodile slightly more complicated. ”

Rat crocodile recovery plan.

"Smart" seems to be not the only reason.

In order to better understand the crocodile, celeno came to the North Australia, where he observed wild freshwater crocodile, and capture their observations from celeno accidentally discovered a crocodile success: he found freshwater crocodile can like mammals, like "step forward", and access to running water, but can swim like a fish.

Long runs (gallop) and small step run (jog) pose completely different.

Quadruped in small step run time is four feet are touching the ground, and the great race is the forelimb hindlimb as a group, as a group, a loop can hear two groups before and after the interval is short. Long run can take full advantage of the waist length and strength of the stretch. In this process must be up and down the spine. FishSwimming in the water, is about activities of the body. This may just be a fortuitous choice. Fish landing, the first batch of terrestrial animals must have been about activities like fish. Now most amphibians and reptiles are so small step to run was thus evolution. And you learned to step forward in mammals, but about the ability of the spine is greatly restricted. Interpretation of the fossils, celeno assumes that these early crocodile is small, four-legged walking upright and will step forward to run animal. They wrote in the paper, these newly discovered crocodile will step forward to run on the ground, and can be used to swim tail, modern crocodile's two great success formula in 1 million years ago was already forming.

Interviews/reporter Liu Zheng

Environmental protection is supposed to "guarantee"?

Environmental protection is supposed to "guarantee "?

Beijing News weekly, the new knowledge

In Copenhagen on forces around "emissions" of some of lock, they were always to think about what exactly you want to rely on environmental protection — — get United Kingdom, it may help expand some thought.

Before the middle ages, the United Kingdom has been behind the development of the European continent and thus retains a lot of the forest.

London South of the name Weald, mountainous County is not suitable for farming, retains a large high-quality Woods, become iron Center. United Kingdom troops take advantage of the rich forest resources here, to create a large number of guns and ammunition, finally challenge to the European continent.

However, the United Kingdom, seeing the forest is unsustainable.

1547 years, Duke of Somerset (The Duke ofSomerset) established a Committee to investigate the Weald forest decline, but was arsenal and some politicians resist. Local forbearance, began destroying blacksmith furnace. The opposition just like to take this opportunity to "treason" in the name of the Duke of Somerset, strangling arrested. Politicians trick cover up the fact that the forest is less and less, British life overhanging a line. But the United Kingdom did not finish, save the forests, the United Kingdom is today seen people hate, known as the "world's dirty energy," coal.

United Kingdom and China, coal, but quality is not good, burning stifling.

Even if everyone is aware of the forest cut out faster, rather than burning coal. This shows that environmental education alone is useless.

Finally economic levers.

Forest decline, timber prices higher and higher. At that time, the cost of iron-making industry in the United Kingdom, the charcoal already account for over 80%. Urban heating first into a burning coal, "fog are" the nickname so. Queen hated soot, coal has been banned. Can people prefer breathing dirty air rather than spend a lot of money to buy charcoal, command has quickly become a dead letter. In this way, the United Kingdom will remain a little forest. In fact, coal has also been saved whales. Before Europeans more whale oil for lighting, then Canada's AbrahamGesner invented the manufacturing technology of kerosene, whaling before they disappear. This description, evaluation of a new technology for environmental protection, to large scale to measure.

However, for many industries, coal is harmful.

For example, in brewing drying malt required using coal to stem this would affect the taste of wine, or do you want to use charcoal. 1603, HenryPlatt thought, you can refine the charcoal as the coal into Coke. This process can be dropped in the desulfurization, smoke less. So the brewery from the charcoal in the liberated, reducing the demand for wood, protection of the forest. This shows that, in order to environmental protection, the new technology is the kingly way.

Iron also don't like coal, because sulfur once mixed with into the iron that will let the iron brittle.

Interestingly, the blacksmith and wine master seems to have never contacts, coke manufacturing process until 100 years later, in 1709 was a man called AbrahamDarby brought into the ironworks. He created the world's first "Coke for blast furnace iron-making industry", and finally to charcoal. This means that if you want to join the environmental protection, technology transfer is the kingly.

The "Coke for blast furnace" is one of the three pillars of the industrial revolution, the other two pillars also and coal has a close relationship.

First of all, the more coal miners dig deeper, groundwater seep out. This will let mine waste away. At that time, the United Kingdom's "coal boss" can only hire people who have bailed out, the efficiency is very low. 1712 years ThomasNewcomen invented the steam-driven water pump, solved the problem. This game was later transformed into steam, which is the industrial revolution of the second pillar.

Transport coal there is a problem.

HuntingtonBeaumont tracks for this invention. The next thing is a matter of course, the train was born. This is the industrial civilization of the third pillar, this pillar saves costs and dramatically improves the range of human activities.

The desire for energy, used to be the greatest of human progress.

But the industrial revolution brought vast amounts of carbon dioxide released. This story tells us that the problems brought about by technological development or do you want to go back through technology development.

□ Soil motorcycle (Beijing reporter)

Three diseases to bring up the "Vampire"

Blood worship manufacturing myth of communicable diseases in stirring Vampire: a tale of true course

Beijing News weekly of the new knowledge

The nickname "de la Cura" Flade III, later to become the most famous "Vampire".

Recently, the best-selling novel under the United States in the evening light city "movie theaters in the country.

In the film Chao shuai industry and business, blue vampire brother led the world girls wave after wave of scream, "the Vampire" and the newer topic heats up. Then, the legend of the "Vampire" is how, in the history have gone through what changes?

1 origin of the

The source of many myths of history

In Greece myth, amp Sara (Empusae) is the netherworld and the goddess Hecate's daughter, she seduced young men to learn from their blood.

The Babylonian legends have a demon called Lili figure (Lilitu), it relies on to drink the blood of newborn infants living; the term later transform into Hebrew "Lily," (Lilith), it can absorb all the blood. Cain is also considered one of the sources of the vampire legend. According to the Bible, Cain is Adam's son, killed his brother Abel, punished. According to legend, Cain was wandering near the Red Sea, who I met because God hop Red Sea become night's Kiki's Lily. He from Lily, there learned using blood and use magic and power.

"Vampire" (vampir) this word comes from the phrase "Albania teeth" and "blood".

This word originated in 1047 years, the earliest use of the word is said to be a priest on Russia. He is a Prince to use when translating a book "as" Upir'Likhyi signature, means "evil vampires." Some people think that this is just a joke.

In addition to legendary figures, there are several historical figures are often linked with the vampire.

Lesley (Gilles deRais) Baron is a 15th century France aristocracy. In his later years have a crush on Alchemy in the hope that the blood was found in the philosopher's stone. The 17th century, Hungary-Torre (ErzsebetBathory) Countess of bloody events are also very famous. She was in her seyit (Csejthe) Castle abuse killed more than 300 young girls.

The most famous "Vampire" is valachia Principality (Valachie) of Grand Duke Flade III.

Valachia Principality in the West now luomaliya. Flade III's father is Holy Roman Empire of the "Royal Dragoon Regiment". Romania in "de la library" (dracul) represents the "Dragon", so his alias "de la Cura" or "de la library" that is, the "Dragon's child". Flade III in numerous Donau defeated several times their own army in Turkey. He has captured more than soldiers were stripped of clothes were uncovered, and burned into the up to 1 km, around the towns of stakes. In 1897, the novel "de la Cura (Dracula) published the book the Flade III description into a vampire, the book became a vampire literature classic.

Reflect Flade III executed prisoners of printmaking.

2 cultural

Overall image changes

The vampire legend has several obvious psychological origin.

The most obvious psychological origin is the worship of the blood. Human blood loss will be unable to, or even death, it is a very easy to be observed phenomenon, so blood cultures regarded as the essence of the human body. Vampire is considered the essence of the "lessons of the human body to fatten" behavior. The soul and the physical separation is the vampire legend of another psychological origin. Slavs believed that the soul after death will continue wandering for 40 days, evil soul will make use of animal and human body of chaos, this is the modern Vampire Legends. Christianity in Europe dominates, the vampire is treated as "one of" the enemy of Christ. In Russia the folklore, vampire is the Church of the people or the Witch's ghost into. This allows the vampire with a political nature.

Now, it is difficult to folklore vampire

painting a "standards". In the early days, many vampires have been described as face swelling, face is red, purple or black, the causes of these features are often attributed to just suck blood.

1897 Stokes (Bram Stoker) novel "de la Cura (Dracula) laid the foundations of modern vampire novels.

In contemporary literary and artistic works, the vampire General is set to pale, emaciated, mouth out long canine teeth. They are immortal, afraid of sunlight, the cross and the garlic, bitten by vampire without dead person also becomes a vampire.

3 centers

"Vampire" and diseases

Speaking of most direct Vampire Legends sources, or "seeing is believing."

Ancient people the lack of scientific knowledge, often put some natural phenomena as "evidence of the Vampire".

The human body in the case of underground corruption is complex, and some burial a paragraph has been dug out, looks and other bodies.

Some body corruption slowly will be assumed to be "dead"; body corruption so fast that the body produces a lot of gas, the body swelling up, squeeze the blood gases to facial skin, nose, mouth, "face red, epistaxis," impression; some people after death because of the soft tissue atrophy, teeth, nails, hair reveal more, give the "death also in growth" impression ... Since no modern medical diagnostic methods, there are people who will be subjected to the death, a misjudgment of the alive. Open the coffin coffin found after a struggle of fingerprints, or nose and will hit the coffin, hit the bleeding, as evidence of the "Vampire". Infectious diseasesFanning the flames for the vampire legend. These diseases do not understand people often do not know about infectious diseases attributed to "disrupt" the vampire. Like tuberculosis, plague infecting (black) such diseases, can cause lung tissue of ulcers, resulting in a outlet epistaxis, may be mistaken for "just suck blood." And contacts will cause other people will be mistaken for "Vampire harm"results.

Rabies is also referred to as the "Vampire" source of the legend of the entity.

Spain doctor Alonso (JuanGómez-Alonso) in the psychiatry journal issued said, fear of garlic smell and afraid of the light may be rabies symptoms of hypersensitivity. Rabies will make you sleep disorder, a nocturnal and "sexual frenzy" symptoms. At the same time, the Wolf and the dog are considered and vampires, they also is rabies carriers.

Most like the "Vampire" is "Porphyrin syndrome".

Porphyrin disease is a metabolic disorder disease, patients with disorders of heme production mechanism, resulting in the accumulation of a light-sensitive chemical substances "Porphyrin" so that patients with bone and urine color to red, and the patient's teeth also becomes dark brown or purple. Porphyrin may be sunshine into corrosive poison, the most serious symptoms can cause body deformation — patient ears and nose is "eat" off the lips and gums are affected by corrosion, exposing red teeth, skin, scar, such as a zombie-like white (reflecting the potential of anemia). Because the anemia treatment through blood transfusions, some scholars have speculated that in European medieval dark ages, Porphyrin disease patients may attempt to drink the blood of this folk remedies for treatment. Aside the truth of this assertion, the Porphyrin in certainly recognize non-day adventure in the outdoors. They probably know that you want to avoid the garlic garlic, because of some chemical substances are considered to be heavier hematoporphyrin disease symptoms, make minor was suffering from disease. In short, Porphyrin in patients with the legendary "Vampire" a lot of features.

Porphyrin parent compound porphine space fill models.

Interviews/reporter Liu Zheng

"Vampire" how much blood to drink every day?

Blood nutrient imbalances, vampire bats are very loving you Hey said "Vampire" 16 century, Teresa painter Bruegel's masterpieces of the death of victory is to draw the black death spread as the background.

As an artistic image of the vampire is very attractive. But historically, does anyone believe in vampires of objective existence, even in contemporary still found "kill vampires" tragedy. Next, we went from a scientific perspective, vampires really possible.

Mathematics

"Vampire" is not possible

In 2006, the United States physics professor Evelyn reference Mio (CostasEfthimiou) it is necessary to use the mathematical proof that the world is not possible to have the vampires exist.

Folklore that vampire to take blood for a living, to take over the person becomes a vampire and start taking another person's blood. However, from a mathematical point of view, this is similar to the "virus" will be give the number of the "Vampire" to expanding exponentially rapid growth. Evelyn reference Mio to prove the existence of vampires can't analysis process is as follows: according to his calculations, in the year 1600, 1/1 the total number of inhabitants of the Earth about 5.37 billion people. Assuming that the world's first vampire appear on this day, and each month the average consumption of a person's blood, so to 1600 years of 1 February, the number of vampires in the world will be increased to 2. Over time, the number of vampire will gradually increase. In this way, only about two and a half years, all people on Earth becomes a vampire. If you consider normal mortality rate, so human extinction rate will also be faster. Even if human reproduction speed surprisingly high, nor may hinder their own demise. So Avery reference Mio said: "If the world really exists, even if vampires human number each month doubling, nor is it possible to avoid the fate of final destruction. ”

br>Evelyn reference Mio.

Nutrition

Vampire too hard

From the nutritional point of view, a vampire life rely on spectrum?

United States Purdue University food engineering, science writer, a cloud, no human blood in approximately 45% of the estimated human red blood cells, red blood cells of nutritional value may talk to animals of other organizations. Blood in the remaining 55% is plasma. Plasma in approximately 8% of protein, minerals, glucose, free fatty acids, and so on a small number of components, the other 92% is water. And compared to other conventional food, the iron content in the blood of teach high. The food and nutrition knowledge, no single food provides all the nutrients the body needs, that is, only drink blood, will certainly be a lack of certain nutrients.

Then, the "Vampire" a day to absorb the number of blood can sustain life? take a look at protein.

1 l-plasma contains 900 910 g water, 65-85 grams of protein and 20 grams of low molecular substances, low molecular weight materials in a variety of electrolyte and organic compounds. Blood itself is a kind of high nutritional substances, the blood of the main raw material required for a protein, carbohydrate, iron, copper, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin B12, as well as a variety of trace elements and substances such as hormones. Our recommendation of the nutrition society, my adult residents daily recommended intake of protein (RNI) respectively male and female light manual workers 75g, 65g, intermediate physical laborers 80g, 70g, heavy manual laborer 90g, 80g. Adult about 5 litres of blood, so that one person's entire supply of blood to approximately 5 business days required protein.

Look at the calories.

No one has studied the digested human blood can produce and how many calories, but scientists have studied the pig blood values: calories per 100 g pork blood containing 55 kcal calorie. According to Chinesenutriological society recommended daily dietary energy supply in the adult male very light labor day 2400 kcal calorie intake should be. Therefore, a male "Vampire" a day at least to drink 4 liter pig blood to maintain minimum thermal requirements.

Therefore, the vampire to sustain life, one day is going to kill a man; the cost is too high.

It is worth noting that the protein content in the blood, but a high carbohydrate content is very low and therefore heat low, unless you can guarantee that a large number of blood supply, blood-sucking vampire is not possible for a living.

Animal

Vampire bats are "gentleman"

We know that some animals to feed on blood.

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology doctoral student Zhang Jin-Suk, many invertebrates to vampire-dependent, such as mosquitoes and leeches. Vertebrates living with blood-sucking. Such as Darwin had studied in Galapagos land bird, in recent years to differentiate a subspecies of the vampire. Speaking of vampire bats, 1200 species of bats, only 3 is a vampire. These three are blood-sucking bats in South America, are ye Kou bat branch vampire bats subfamily. Interestingly, there is a so-called "false vampire bat", which is actually a small animals to eat meat, on birds, other bat and mouse for a living, my tongue often have blood, be mistaken for vampire bats.

Known 3 vampire bats are the common vampire bat, wool white vampire bats leg and wing vampire bats.

The latter two primarily attracts birds of blood, relatively rare, and the common vampire bat in South America most districts have distribution and suck the blood of large mammals, including humans. In South America, many people do not notice that sleep is vampire bat attacks. Vampire bats about 40 grams of weight, a maximum blood-sucking 20 g. Mankind lost so much blood was not a priority. However, frightening is the bat's mouth may have a large number of bacteriaand viruses,Including the rabies virus. Of course, they also have the benefit of mankind. Vampire bats of saliva contains anesthetics and resistance to blood agent, now scientists have begun to study the vampire bat saliva may thus can be made into new drugs against thrombosis.

Vampire bats are the most well-known vampire animal.

In addition to the common vampire bat, there are two species of bats, by blood-sucking.

In fact, the vampire bat is not cruel clones, it's still very loving breed.

In vampire bat groups, if a vampire bat stomach empty, you can add another fluttering, full of blood-sucking bats will spit out to the hungry peer. Scientific research has shown that vampire bat first consider the spit to feed a relationship similar, secondly consider "good friends". The so-called "good friends" is used to spit blood to his eating a companion, or on their own pay positive return Companion. Scientists believe that "social" and "credit" is the origin of the moral sense, the vampire bat is a vivid example.

History

The hunt for "Vampire" was once popular

Early this year, Italy forensic anthropologists in Venice near an island discovered the remains of a special.

Dead man's mouth stuffed with a brick. Qualified, with remains of a 15th century was executed "Vampire". Found locations are 1468, when the black death pandemic "mess of a buried bury gangzi", 1500 deceased.

In Venice, on the outskirts of mouth stuffed with bricks of bones, this practice is considered and the legend of the "Vampire".

Florence University Porini (MatteoBorrini) that this remains the owner of a black patients: "the black death of victims mouth often drop out of the blood, which probably is to let people think ' Vampire '.

" When people think" vampires "in the body of the underground attracts other blood to resurrect the ground harm, so will the" it "mouth hardwith a big brick, not only the fortress live" it "in the mouth, but also to pulverize the" it "teeth," it "can't suck blood.

In the 18th century 20 s, Serbia has two famous "Vampire".

In the first incident, the 62-year-old man in the high mijovic (PeterPlogojowitz) was buried and then went home to his son to eat, the son is not for him. The next day, was found dead in General an old man's exposed, and later died of blood loss with neighbors, people think it is formed of vampire ascribes General old man; in the second incident, allegedly had bitten by vampire veterans Bob Le (Paole) in mowing time of death, then o Opera have died. From this "wild hunting vampires". Some people live as a vampire to death, while the "Vampire Hunter" break up a large amount of the grave, the damage is considered to be the body of the "Vampire". In northern Russia and Germany, people will Pierce could become the heart of the vampire's body, which is dealing with "intumescent vampire" is the best way; in Western Serbia, people will be the body's head cut down and in between his legs, buttocks or also find below buries, so it's "soul" and "body" can not be combined again. In Romania, it will be considered to be the body of the "Vampire" mouth with garlic.

In modern times, some people believe that the vampires exist, in the West there are many "Vampire Hunter" societies, but they mostly just for social purposes.

New thematic interviews/reporter Liu Zheng interns Ding Kai

The picture of the topic are information pictures

This special appreciated:

Cloud Centerless (United States of food engineering, Purdue University)

Zhang Jin-Suk (zhongkeyuandongwuyanjiusuo doctoral)