Money to mankind Zhuo: create "smart
"Smart mice" parent money-Professor committed to crack the password for the human brain and memory
Money Lee and colleagues, after eight years of experiments, and finally be able to accurately read the "mind" in mice.
Deciphering the brain to remember the password, which means we can through instruments to monitor someone else's memory and consciousness, human thinking robots also no longer a dream. — All this, not only laid the money-in the field of global neuroscience leading position, also opened an exciting era of smart.Character card
Money Lee, United States Department of Pharmacology at Boston University and Professor of biomedical engineering, Director of the Centre for Neurobiology.
Research on learning and memory has made many significant contributions to leading open up regional and time specificity of gene and protein knockout.
In 1999, at Princeton University, who produce learning and memory in higher than normal mice "smart mice coducci", is famous, is referred to as the "father of smart mice". He 2004 goes to Boston University. In recent years, the alma mater of East China Normal University, Shanghai, China set up functional genomics Institute.Money-discourse
"I first heard of brain cells discharge out of the ' snapped ' sound of crackling, so I started to explore the mysteries of the brain has had a strong interest.
”● "Traditional methods like you by removing the vehicle wheels, pull the Igniter, or to the engine in irrigation, etc., to determine how the work of the car.
”● "United States of scientific research system cannot tolerate exploring fails, I also hope that our countries in research and innovation
are strongly encouraged, to avoid for quick evaluation criteria, as well as one-sided pursuit of the natural law, science, SCI thesis, etc.-image index, which may be contrary to the spirit of true science, and even result in some academic misconduct, thus affecting the country and the overall reputation of the school.1 make the world a boiling "smart father of rat"
In 1999, a man named "coducci" mice become the star of the industry.
Coducci lives in Princeton University Molecular Biology lab.
Let it go beyond their own compatriots, the world famous, it has a similar mouse incomparable intelligence: learning to learn faster, remember to maintain longer, for the new environment of suit more power. This is to let the whole world wildly "smart mice".Manufacturing of this clever Rat is taught at Princeton University-the money.
As far as money-memories, at that time, he already knew NMDA receptors are important for memory molecular switches, it consists of several subunits, studied the physiological characteristics of subunit, he thought the NR2B may regulate NMDA receptor function key elements.
In order to confirm their own speculation, money, Lee and colleagues decided to use the mouse to the test object.
In General, the study of a gene in the brain, scientists tend to knock this gene, which functions as a result of the brain defects, this makes it possible to determine the role of the gene.
Money-this is an image of the metaphor: "just like you by removing the vehicle wheels, pull the Igniter, or to the engine in irrigation, etc., to determine how the work of the car. " But this knockout gene, a flaw: many genes by knockout, brain function almost to a standstill. Researchers naturally there is no way to determine which genes are most critical.Just saw the defect, Sir decided in the opposite directi
on — not a knockout gene, but rather enhance brain function of a gene, watch it on the memory.The NR2B gene transfer to coducci brain, miracles began to appear in: coducci memory is much more than the previously active, looks better than your own similar cleverer.
One of the experiments is this: to "coducci" a plastic box, on the second day was given another plastic box, it knows that this box and mind remember previous day box, on the box to go to sniff sniff. General mouse reaction dull, all thought that was the day before.2 September 1999, when the money-nature published his research results, the entire scientific community are boiling.
Because it implied a wonderful prospect: "experimental results show that the use of genetically modified this biochemical means enhanced mammalian intelligence is feasible. " That is, human beings can use revamping genes to become smarter!"Smart mice" became the 1999 World's top 10 science and technology achievements, shrewd Princeton University immediately for the "smart mice" applied for patent, and started business development.
Also it was from that year onwards, the "father of the mouse," smart money-become a hitter in biological science.
2 Serendipity and brain "teachings"
Money-Frank told reporters that he was in high school, favorite subject is math, applied biology majors, is "Serendipity".
University, Sir began to become interested in brain science.
"Second, the Organization of the students in the class, visit the famous physiologists Shao-CI Professor and Professor André Enqi lab, it was here, I first heard of brain cells discharge out of the ' snapped ' sound of crackling, so I started to explore the mysteries of the brain has had a strong interest. " In 1984, graduated from East China Normal University money, Zhuo to the East.In the last century 80 's, the refo
rm and opening up after the first overseas tide rising among intellectuals, Sir has made a decision to the United States to study.Just set foot on land in the United States, Sir has faced a dilemma.
At that time, the discipline of Biochemistry is popular, but also fundamental subjects, many studies have used biomass chemical knowledge. Money-both to students, and reluctant to give up Brain Science, "fish and bear paw" How can we eat it? a person's there to help him solve the difficult problem. Leicester · Buderus (LesterDrewes) was Professor at the University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, also a famous neurologists. So, Sir, he went to the University of Minnesota Duluth.After five years of struggle, 1990, Sir finally got his doctorate, he turn Colombia University, who chose to Kandel Professor artistry to do post-doctoral research.
Kandel is the 20th century the most outstanding one nerve biologists, in memory of areas have had outstanding contributions, and won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or medicine. With such a world-class scientists cooperative research, very conducive to upgrade their perspective and scientific research strength.Soon, Sir began to shine in academia.
In Colombia University of 3 and a half years, he found a lot of mice was a gene regulation and brain activity. For the discovery of the money John Iskandar stingy in praise of words, called "verybeautifulscience". In addition, he also first application screening technology, clone the difference a series of dependent on brain activity in the immediate early genes, such as Arc gene and tPA gene.3 continuous apprentice two Nobel Laureates in economics
Head doctor of the University of Minnesota and Colombia University postdoctoral Halo, money-making money to get a job, it should be easy.
But money-again to give people the choice of the collapse of the glasses: not looking for ajob, and then do a postdoctoral research.Make money-making this decision, remain on academic pursuit.
In this case, the problems plaguing him into: "why do those gene expression will be subject to the influence of external stimulation? these genes on brain activity and animal behavior and what affect?" to answer these two questions will require deep knowledge of molecular biology.While money Zhuo, although in neuroscience have made certain achievements in the field, but in the field of molecular biology techniques are insufficient. credentials
Aware of this deficiency is the Tiger on the road of scientific research, Sir has now become a postdoctoral research decisions.This time, the money-destinations is a Massachusetts Institute of technology, the famous biologists lichuan root into becoming his lifetime of tutor-3.
Lichuan root into is the leading in the field of molecular biology, he worked in the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physiology or medicine.In their career, can continue to accept two Nobel Prize-winning master's teachings, is very rare.
In a sense, also reflects the biology community money-Yes.If that is more than a decade before the savings of energy, Massachusetts Institute of technology of 3 and a half years, Sir on memory of gradually on the right track.
Cre/loxP system is a way to organize the transfer to the gene-specific, targeted actions of recombinant system, typically used for bacteria and other microorganisms.
Money-but will the system used in mice, the successful suppression of the NMDA receptor activity (this receptor in the brain of mice hippocampus CA1 region, see cover story).The resulting mice showed obvious memory defects, proved the NMDA receptor in memory during the formation of the critical role of, and later research has laid a solid foundation.
Soon, this significant discoveries publ
ished in renowned academic journal cell. See the papers, Kandel Professor immediately give high marks to: "this really is a State-of-the-art research. " Money Zhuo's innovative spirit, does not stick to the traditional creative spirit in this time of reflection. One of my colleagues say: "the biology of other research areas, use Cre/loxP system alone, but it is money-the first is the system used for neural biology scientist. " But by his start of Cre/loxP-mediated conditional knockout technology, is the world's many laboratories. For a biologist who invented methods can be accompanied by the wide recognition, is definitely a huge honor.In 1997, the renowned Princeton University in order to strengthen scientific research strength, to promising young money-olive, he joined the Department of molecular biology of the school, and he formed a separate laboratory.
There, Sir were completed in less than 3 years, he developed the "smart mice".4 ambitious "brains to decipher program"
"On the brain study of coding theory, is only the beginning, my future research directions are similar to the human genome project international ' brains to decipher plan '.
" Money-2001, accepted the invitation of the East China Normal University, returned to his alma mater, after 16 years. In October that year, in the relevant unit, with the help of his alma mater, the formation of the money zhuowei functional genomics Institute, and undertake a number of research projects.More than ten years, Sir is always in the forefront of science, behind the brilliant achievements, not hard and setbacks, but he is always calm in the face: "in General, scientific research is a lengthy process, just like kind of a fruit tree, it takes years of hard work can be rewarding, but also a variety of risks that may be no granules.
Of course, when your own favorite papers is good magazine rejected, can be said to be the most painful. But overthe last decade or so, I'm used to it. "" Smart rat, "" remember password "enough to make money-into the annals of science, but in his view, this is only the beginning, because he already had a more ambitious projects: similar to the" human genome project "international" brains to decipher program ".Finally, when reporters ask him on domestic science advice, he was filled with thoughts and feelings and said: "the United States in the scientific research system cannot tolerate exploring fails, I also hope that our countries in research and innovation are strongly encouraged, to avoid for quick evaluation criteria, as well as one-sided pursuit of the natural law, science, SCI thesis, etc.-image index, which may be contrary to the spirit of true science, and even result in some academic misconduct, thus affecting the country and the overall reputation of the school.
Therefore, we should as soon as possible to establish a stable and efficient, truly can encourage innovative scientific research system. ”
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